- •1)The study of lang from : lexicology, phonetics, grammar
- •2)Basic units of language and speech
- •3)Parts of speech classification. Meaning, form, function
- •4)Notional words, modal words, form words, the interjection, words of affirmation and negation
- •3. Form-Words
- •5) The verb definition and its grammatical meaning
- •7) Finite, Non-finite verbs
- •8)The lexical(semantic) class: Terminative(non)
- •9)Lexico-syntactical clas. (notional), (semi-notional : link, modal, auxiliary, verbs-substitutes)
- •10) Syntactical clas. (subjective, objective, transitive, intransitive)
- •12)The category of person
- •13) The category of number
- •14) The category of tense. Six tense-aspect forms
- •15) The category of aspect. The continuous and the common aspect. Semantic view of this phenomenon. (Kennedy, Curma). Verbs which are not used in the continuous aspect (5 groups)
- •16) The category of correlation(Perfect Forms). The Perfect as a : tense, aspect category, as a way of expressing the category of « time relation»
- •17) The category of voice
- •18) The problem of other voices ( reflexive, reciprocal, middle)
- •19) The category of Mood. Definition. Ways of expressing modality. Conceptions of the mood systems
- •20)The Indicative Mood
- •21)The Imperative. Its morphological peculiarities. Non-recognition of the imperative mood. The problem of the «let us go» type
- •22)Oblique moods. Different points of view.
- •23) The Verbals. The double character of the infinitive, the gerund, participle
- •24)Secondary predication and predicative constructions with the verbals
- •25)The Noun. Definition, gram.Categories, kinds (proper, common)
- •26)The problem of Gender (generic notion)
- •27) The category of number
- •28) The category of case. Different approaces.
4)Notional words, modal words, form words, the interjection, words of affirmation and negation
According to the lexical meaning, syntactical functions and morphological categories all the words in English may be divided into the following five classes.
1. Notional Words
a) Most of the words in English as well as in other languages belong to the notional words which denote phenomena existing in reality. These words denote things, qualities, actions and so on. All the other words play a secondary part. They may connect the notional words, underline the shades of meaning, etc. The main idea is always expressed by notional words.
b) Their syntactical functions are very closely connected with their meaning. Since the notional words express the main idea in the language, they form the parts of the sentence. So the parts of the sentence are expressed only by notional words. The subject, the object, the predicate, etc. are always expressed by notional words.
c) Morphologically the notional words form the class of words having morphological categories. All the changeable words in English belong to notional words.
2. Modal Words
Modal words express modality in the sentence, that is the relation of what is said to reality. We have such modal words in English as of course, certainly, surely, no doubt, naturally, perhaps, maybe, and others. Modal words do not denote any phenomena existing in reality. Syntactically modal words cannot form any part of a sentence. They are not connected syntactically with any other words. They may be used in the function of a parenthesis or may form sentences themselves, e.g. Will you speak to him? - Certainly.
Morphologically modal words are invariable.
3. Form-Words
Form-words do not denote any phenomena existing in reality. They are used to determine notional words or to connect them. They have no independent syntactical functions. Morphologically form-words are invariable. According to the role they play in the sentence form-words are divided into two classes: connective form-words (prepositions, conjunctions, etc.) and determinatives such as articles, particles (only, merely, even, also, simply, just, too).
4. The Interjection
Interjections are words used to express different emotions such as joy, sadness, anger, etc., e.g. oh, bosh, hallo, ha, alas, well, now, ah, etc. Interjections cannot be parts of the sentence. They are not connected with any words of the sentence. They are always used as separate sentences in themselves. Morphologically they are invariable.
5. The Words of Affirmation and Negation
Practically this class consists of two words "Yes" and its equivalents and "No" and its equivalents. They are used to express affirmation or negation. They are not connected with other words in a sentence. Morphologically they are invariable. They may form sentences themselves.
Thus we see that modal words, form-words, interjections and words of affirmation and negation have several points in common: they do not denote any phenomena existing in reality, they are not used as parts of a sentence and morphologically they are invariable.