Aircraft. Instruments
25. What flight instruments are used by the pitot-static system for their operation?
altimeter, airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator
26.What flight instrument measures and shows the difference between pitot and static pressure?
Air speed indicator.
27. What flight instruments utilize the properties of a gyroscope for their operation?
turn indicator, heading indicator, attitude indicator
28. What is the aim of attitude indicator?
shows the aft attitude relative to horizon
What light is attitude indicator essentially used in?
IFR
What is the aim of heading indicator?
displays the aft heading relative to north
What is the aim of vertical speed indicator/variometer? What does it display?
rate of climb or descent
What does the altimeter measure?
the AC height above some reference level by measuring the local pressure
What is the aim of the turn indicator?
displays the direction and rate of turn
What does the airspeed indicator measure?
AC’s speed in relation to air around
Air navigation. Ground navaids
Give the definition of air navigation.
Air navigation is the means by which pilots reach their destinations and find exact location at anytime
What are the three chief methods of air navigation?
Pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation
What is pilotage? Why isn’t it used by commercial airlines?
Using this method pilot keeps on course by following landmarks on the ground. It can`t be used at high altitudes and in all weather conditions
What is dead reckoning? What equipment is used in dead reckoning?
There is method of navigation when there are few or no visible landmarks. The pilot uses aeronautical chart, a clock, compass, a slide rule to follow the prepared route of flight
What is radio navigation?
For this type of navigation, the pilot tunes the radio navigation equipment so as to receive a signal from a ground-stationed NAVAID. A needle on the equipment tells the pilot when he flying on a direct course to or from the station. It also shows when the aircraft drifts off course so that its direction can be corrected
6. What is an aeronautical chart?
this chart includes information about airways, identification and frequency of radio aids, selected airports ,distance, time zones, and related information - all of which is needed for radio navigation.
7. What is an airway? How are airways formed?
an air route equipped with beacons, lights, radio beams, etc. a specific route for air traffic, provided with navigational aids
8. What is the function of radio beacons?
radio beacons are used to help a pilot navigate along airways and to help controllers keep accurate track of his progress in relation to other traffic when radar is not available
9. Give the examples of aircraft navigational equipment.
Heading indicator, receiver, transmitter, transponder, TCAS(Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, ILS)
10. Give examples of ground navigational equipment.
NDB,VOR,DME, TACAN(Tactical air navigation system)
11. What is NDB (non-directional beacon)? Its advantages and disadvantages.
It is used to mark air routes, useful range - 100 miles. It remains the most common approach and landing aid. NDB consists of a radio transmitter in the medium frequency band which sends out a continuous steady signals in all directions. Unfortunately, NDBs suffer greatly from interference, but its advantage is that their signals follow the curvature of the earth, and signals can be received regardless from altitude
12. What is VOR? Name the two main components of VOR. What frequency does it operate?
VHF Omnidirectional range is used to navigate along airways and to provide accurate approach. It consists of a ground beacon which sends out a signal from which an airborne receiver can determine the aircraft`s bearing( пеленг) or radial from the beacon. Accuracy is increased by the addition of DOPLER (DVOR), by which fluctuations(колебания) in frequency wave motion emitted(испускаются) by an object moving at speed can be calculated.
13. What advantages and disadvantages does VOR have?
Advantage: freedom from static interference. Disadvantage: signals can be cut off by mountains and man-made obstructions.
14. What kind of information does Distance Measuring Equipment give?
slant range
15. Define slant range.
It’s the line-of-sight distance between two points which are not at the same altitude
It’s a distance between ground beacon and airborne beacon.
-16. Define radial.
Magnetic bearings extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN navigation facility.
17. What does ILS stand for? What is the function of ILS? What are its components? What categories does this equipment operate? Define Localizer.
Instrument landing system gives pilot a continuous indication of whether the aircraft is left or right of the final approach track and also its position in relation to an ideal glide path to the runway. It consists of Localizer which is situated at the far end of the RW, and transmits a signals on either side of the enterline of the runway and approach. The second part is glide path transmitter is located at the nearer end and slightly to one side of the RW.
18. What is GPS? What is its purpose? What does it consist of?
Based on a series of satellites, it is capable of fixing an aircraft`s position anywhere on the globe with accuracy of few meters. System consists of 24 satellites with three on-orbit spares. The master control station is located in Colorado and is supported by 4 monitoring stations.
-19. What navigational facility provides VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth and DME information at one site?
GPS (?VORTAc)
20. Describe the procedure of following inbound/outbound.