16. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices

Phonetic stylistic devices

Is the way a word, phrase, sound is pronounced, sometimes may convey additional information.

The existing models of organizing speech or sounds can be divided into two groups: versification and instrumentation.

Versification is from latin “versus” – стих, “facio” – делаю. Versification is the art of creating poetry according to the rules of a certain language and poet’s practice (varieties of poetic feet and metres, rhymes and rhyming patterns).

Instrumentation is the some of speech sound selection and combination message foregrounding the utterance thus creating expressive and emotive connotations (euphony - благозвучие, cackophony – неблагозвучие, alliteration, assonance, onomatopheia).

Onomatopheia is a combination of speech sounds, which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder), by things (machines or tools), and by people (laughter, sighing, patter of feet).

Ку-ка-ре-ку – cock-a-doo-dle-do; мяу – mew; тик-так - tick-tack.

Things falling into the water: a coin - “plop”; smth larger (dog) – “splash”; human body – “splosh”.

Balloon (пробка от шампанского) – “pop”, “bang”.

Alliteration is a figure of speech which consists in the repetition of consonants (especially initial) in words in close succession.

Assonance is a figure of speech based on the repetition sounds or diphthongs without reguard of consonants, the kind of vowel rhyme. e.g. How sad and bad and mad it was (Browning).

Graphical stylistic devices

They serve to convey in the written form the effects which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stresses. We refer here the emphatic use of the punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a word.

Graphon is the intentional vacation of the graphical shape of a word (word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation. Graphons indicate irregularities, carelessness of pronunciation, foreign accent.

Temporary: tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed things.

Permanent: social, territorial, educational factors.

Pure Graphical Stylistic Devices

Multiplication: laaarge, r-r-ruin

Hyphonation: I en-vy her

Capitalization: I Love him

The use of italics, the use of punctuation: I Love him!!!

17. Syntactical stylistic devices

SSDs deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance, which creates the emphasis of the letter irrespective of the lexical meanings of the employed units.

SSD dealing with the length&structure of the sentence:

1. Inversion is based on the violation of traditional word-order of the sentence, only giving it an additional logical impact or emotional coloring.

Complete – displacement of the predicate;

Partial – displacement of the secondary members.

2. Rhetorical question is based on the statement expressed in the interrogative form.

SSD dealing with the completeness of the sentence:

1. Ellipses is a deliberate omission of at least one member of a sentence (different connectivities).

I went to London, she – to NY.

2. Break the narration (aposiopesis) is a stopping short for rhetorical effect (treat, hesitation etc).

Just come home or I’ll.

3. Apokoinu is the omission of the pronominal (adverbial) which create a blend of the main&subordinate clauses. It is asyndeton connection of 2 clauses where one word has 2 syntactical functions.

He was the man (that) killed that deer.

SSD dealing with the arrangement of the sentence:

1. Parallelism is based on the use of the similar syntactic pattern into 2 or more clauses or sentences.

Partial p. is the p. of the structure of some parts of sensitive sentence or clause.

Complete p. represents identity of structure throughout the correspondent sentences.

Reversed p. (chiasmus) is the repetition of syntactical pattern with a reversed word-order.

2. Repetition (word, word-combination, phrase)

Anaphora (a…, a…).

Epiphora (…a, …a).

Simple (one and the same member of phrase without any strong regularity).

Framing (the beginning of the sentence is repeated at the end).

Catch (anadiplosis: …a, a…).

Chain (several catch r.)

Successive (is a stream of closely following each other repeated units).

3. Detachment is separating a secondary part of a sentence with aims of emphasizing it; it singles out with the help of punctuation.

4. Parenthesis is an explanatory of qualifying sentence, phrase or word which is inserted in longer passage without being grammatically connected with it, marked off by brackets, dashes.

5. Suspense is a deliberate postponement of the completing of the sentence.

SSD dealing with different types of connection:

1. Asyndeton: connection without any formal sign; the deliberate avoidance of conjunctions.

2. Polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions in close connection.

3. Attachment: is a deliberate separation of the second part of the utterance from the first one by a full-stop. The second part appears as an afterthought.