19. Types of meaning (m)

First of all lang-ge is a means of communication & the most important one. That’s why the main category of Linguistics is M. There are 2kinds of M:

1) the grammatical (is clearly seen in identical sets of individual forms of different words. In the process of communication in a sentence word may have several GM);

2) the lexical (remains stable and unchanged; it is proper to a word as a language unit in all its forms and distributions).

The former is characteristic of separate Ws which are referable to certain object.The later is a more abstract character & becomes obvious only against the background of meaningful positions.In a sentence a W has several gram.Ms.Lex.M isn’t connected with the changes of gram.forms of 1&the same W.It remains stable&unchanged.In sentence a W is used in 1 of the lex.Ms.{‘go,goes,went,going,gone’ have diff-nt gram.M,but have 1&the same semantic component denoting the process of movement}.

LM consists of 3components:

1)the denotational component;

2)the significational comp. as a typical notion,a complex of features of an object(denotate);

3)the connotational comp. is additional information to a W depicting an attitude of a person to an object.

Connotational M is subdivided into:

1)emotional colouring{‘well-known’,’famous’,’notorious’are synonyms,the 1^st W has a general M,the 2^nd is in a good sense,the 3d in a sad sense}.

2)stylistic referens;stylistically Ws can be subdivided into:neutral;literary(bookish);coloqual.

Semantic Structure of a W

Ws are not the units of a single M.Monosemantic(однозначные)Ws have one M.Most of Ws convey several notions & thus have several Ms,they are called polysemantic Ws.Смирнитский was the 1st who defined a unit of a W that possesses(cохраняет) its own sound form & lex.M & which keeps unchangeable as a lexical-semantical variant (LSV)of a W.Виноградов was the 1st who spoke about the semantic structure of a W, the semant,structure of a W as an interrelated(взаимосвязан.)&interdependent(взаимозависим.)unity of its LSVs.{different LSVs may be clearly seen in a context:

*in diff-nt combinations:to stand straight,to stand heat;

*in diff-nt syntactical positions:to stand out,to stand for;

*in their phraseological piquliarities:it stands to reason,to stand on end}.

The Ms in the semantic structure of a W are not equal.Traditionally the basic & the minor(второстеп.)Ms are distinguish.Basic M is a kind of a centre of a W,round which all other minor Ms are organized.{The W ‘table’ has about 14 Ms.The basic M is ‘стол’}. The minor Ms stongly depend on a context.{hard work;to keep+Gerund(reading)=to continue doing smth;heavy blow}.

Homonyms are 2 words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.

Classification:

1. Homonyms proper (identical in pronunciation&spelling). Bank, ball.

2. Homophones (identical in sound but different in spelling). Meet-meat, right-wright.

3. Homographs (of accidentally the same spelling but of different sound). To wind – wind, to lead – lead.

Смирницкий:

1. Full homonyms are words of the same category of part of speech with identical paradigm but different lexical meaning. Match, ball, bank.

2. Partial homonyms:

Simple lexico-grammatical: words of the same category of part of speech having one identical form in their paradigm and different LM. To found (основывать) – found (форма от to find).

Complex lexico-grammatical: words of different categories of part of speech having one identical form in their paradigm and different LM. Rose (N) – rose (to rise), light (N) – light (adj).

Partial lexical: words of the same category of part of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms. Paradigm of V (past ind – past participle): to cut-cut-cut; possessive case singular – common case plural: Student’s mistake. – Students made a mistake.