I. Introduction

§ 1. Definition. Links with Other Branches of Linguistics 7

§ 2. Two Approaches to Language Study 7

§ 3. Lexicology and Sociolinguistics 8

§ 4. Lexical Units . 9

§ 5. Varieties of Words 10

§ 6. Course of Modern English Lexicology. Its Aims and Significance . . 11

II. SEMASIOLOGY

Word-Meaning

§ 1. Referential Approach to Meaning 13

§ 2. Meaning in the Referential Approach 16

§ 3. Functional Approach to Meaning 17

§ 4. Relation Between the Two Approaches 18

Types of Meaning

§ 5. Grammatical Meaning 18

§ 6. Lexical Meaning 19

§ 7. Part-of-speech Meaning 19

§ 8. Denotational and Connotational Meaning 20

§ 9. Emotive Charge 21

§ 10. Stylistic Reference 21

§ 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference 22

§ 12. Summary and Conclusions 22

Word-Meaning and Meaning in Morphemes

§ 13. Lexical Meaning 23

§ 14. Functional (Part-of-speech) Meaning 24

§ 15. Differential Meaning 24

§ 16. Distributional Meaning 25

Word-Meaning and Motivation

§ 17. Morphological Motivation 25

§ 18. Phonetical Motivation 26

§ 19. Semantic Motivation 27

§ 20. Summary and Conclusions 27

Change of Meaning

§ 21. Causes of Semantic Change 29

§ 22. Nature of Semantic Change 30

§ 23. Results of Semantic Change 31

§ 24. Interrelation of Causes, Nature and Results of Semantic Change 32

§ 25. Summary and Conclusions 33

264

Meaning and Polysemy

§ 26. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words 33

§ 27. Diachronic Approach 34

§ 28. Synchronic Approach 35

§ 29. Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure 36

§ 30. Polysemy and Arbitrariness of Semantic Structure 37

§ 31. Summary and Conclusions 38

Polysemy and Homonymy

§ 32. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Word-Forms 39

§ 33. Classification of Homonyms 40

§ 34. Some Peculiarities of Lexico-Grammatical Homonymy 41

§ 35. Graphic and Sound-Form of Homonyms 42

§ 36. Sources of Homonymy 42

§ 37. Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria 43

§ 38. Formal Criteria: Distribution and Spelling 44

§ 39. Summary and Conclusions 45

Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics

§ 40. Polysemy and Context 47

§ 41. Lexical Context - 48

§ 42. Grammatical Context 49

§ 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation) 50

§ 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups 50

Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words

§ 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields 51

§ 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups 53

§ 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy 55

§ 48. Criteria of Synonymity 57

§ 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English 58

§ 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy 59

§ 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families 61

§ 52. Summary and Conclusions 62

III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

Some Basic Features of Word-Groups

§ 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability) 64

§ 2. Grammatical Valency , 66

Structure of Word-Groups

§ 3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification 67

Meaning of Word-Groups

§ 4. Lexical Meaning 68

§ 5. Structural Meaning 69

§ 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69

Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups

§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups ... 70

§ 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns 71

§ 9. Motivation in Word-Groups 71

§ 10, Summary and Conclusions 72

265

Phraseological Units

§ 11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms,

Word-Equivalents 74

§ 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity) ... 74

§ 13. Classification 75

§ 14. Some Debatable Points 76

§ 15. Criterion of Function 79

§ 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper 80

§ 17. Some Debatable Points 81

§ 18. Criterion of Context 82

§ 19. Some Debatable Points 83

§ 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language 84

§ 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach 86

§ 22. Summary and Conclusions 88

IV. WORD-STRUCTURE

§ 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes 89

§ 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability 89

§ 3. Classification of Morphemes 92

§ 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis 94

§ 5. Morphemic Types of Words 95

§ 6. Derivative Structure . 95

§ 7. Derivative Relations 96

§ 8. Derivational Bases . . 97

§ 9. Derivational Affixes 100

§ 10. Semi-Affixes 102

§ 11. Derivational Patterns , 103

§ 12. Derivational Types of Words 104

§ 13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure 105

§ 14. Summary and Conclusions 106

V. WORD-FORMATION

Various Ways of Forming Words

§ 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words 108

§ 2. Word-Formation. Definition» Basic Peculiarities 109

§ 3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study . . 111

§ 4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means 112

§ 5. Summary and Conclusions 114

Affixation

§ 6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives 114

§ 7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems 115

§ 8. Classification of Prefixes ..... 117

§ 9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes 119

§ 10. Main Principles of Classification 120

§ 11. Polysemy and Homonymy 121

§ 12. Synonymy 122

§ 13. Productivity 123

§ 14. Origin of derivational affixes 125

§ 15. Summary and Conclusions . 126

Conversion

§ 16. Definition 127

§ 17. Synchronic Approach 130

§ 18. Typical Semantic Relations 131

§ 19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation 133

§ 20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin 136

§ 21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion. ...... 138

§ 22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange 139

§ 23. Summary and Conclusions . . . 140

Word-Composition

§ 24. Compounding 140

§ 25. Structure 141

§ 26. Meaning 143

§ 27. Structural Meaning of the Pattern 144

§ 28. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation 145

§ 29. Classification 146

§ 30. Relations between the ICs of Compounds 146

§ 31. Different Parts of Speech 147

§ 32. Means of Composition 148

§ 33. Types of Bases 149

§ 34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases . 151

§ 35. Correlation Types of Compounds 154

§ 36. Sources of Compounds 158

§ 37. Summary and Conclusions 158

VI. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK

§ 1. Some Basic Assumptions 160

Words of Native Origin

§ 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability 162

§ 3. Derivational Potential 162

§ 4. Summary and Conclusions 164

Borrowings

§ 5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing 164

§ 6. Criteria of Borrowings . ■ 165

§ 7. Assimilation of Borrowings 166

§ 8. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings 167

§ 9. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It 170

§ 10. Summary and Conclusions 170

Interrelation between Native and Borrowed Elements

§ 11. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements 171

§ 12. Influence of Borrowings 172

§ 13. Summary and Conclusions 175

VII. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT OF MODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK

Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word

§ 1. Notional and Form Words 176

§ 2. Frequency, Polysemy and Structure 177

§ 3. Frequency and Stylistic Reference 178

§ 4. Frequency, Polysemy and Etymology 179

§ 5. Frequency and Semantic Structure 180

267

Replenishment of Modern English Vocabulary

§ 6. Development of Vocabulary 180

§ 7. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units 183

Ways and Means of Enriching the Vocabulary

§ 8. Productive Word-Formation . 184

§ 9. Various Ways of Word-Creation 187

§ 10. Borrowing 191

§ 11. Semantic Extension 193

Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English

§ 12. Some Debatable Problems of Lexicology 195

§ 13. Intrinsic Heterogeneity of Modern English 196

§ 14. Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English 197

§ 15. Summary and Conclusions » 198

VIII. VARIANTS AND DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The Main Variants of the English Language

§ 1. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of

the English-Speaking World 200

§ 2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants 202

§ 3. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Between Them 205

Local Varieties in the British Isles and the USA

§ 4. Local Dialects in the British Isles 206

§ 5. The Relationship Between the English National Language and

British Local Dialects 207

§ 6. Local Dialects in the USA 208

§ 7. Summary and Conclusions 209

IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY

Main Types of English Dictionaries

§ 1. Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries 210

§ 2. Classification of Linguistic Dictionaries 211

§ 3. Explanatory Dictionaries 213

§ 4. Translation Dictionaries 213

§ 5. Specialised Dictionaries 214

Some Basic Problems of Dictionary-Compiling

§ 6. The Selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion 216

§ 7. Arrangement of Entries . 218

§ 8. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings 219

§ 9. Definition of Meanings . 220

§ 10. Illustrative Examples 221

§ 11. Choice of Adequate Equivalents 222

§ 12. Setting of the Entry , 222

§ 13. Structure of the Dictionary 225

268

Learner’s Dictionaries and Some Problems of Their Compilation

§ 14. Main Characteristic Features of Learner’s Dictionaries 226

§ 15. Classification of Learner’s Dictionaries 227

§ 16. Selection of Entry Words 229

§ 17. Presentation of Meanings 230

§ 18. Setting of the Entry 232

§ 19. Summary and Conclusions 233

X. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

§ 1. Contrastive Analysis , . 234

§ 2. Statistical Analysis ... 242

§ 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis 245

§ 4. Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence 246

§ 5. Transformational Analysis ' 251

§ 6. Componental Analysis 254

§ 7. Method of Semantic Differential 259

§ 8. Summary and Conclusions 261

Material for Reference , . . . 262

Гинзбург Розалия Залмоновна,

Хидекель Сарра Соломоновна,

Князева Галина Юрьевна,

Санкин Александр Александрович

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