- •TYPES OF TRANSLATION
- ••Mechanical copying, or transfer, of the source language words includes:
- ••Some linguists (V. Komissarov, for one) consider calque (blueprint) translation as mechanical copying.
- •Translation transformations
- •TRANSLATION
- •PRACTICAL TRANSCRIPTION
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Asian sounds with English letters:
- •TRANSLITERATION
- •TRANSLITERATION
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •TRANSLITERATING CHINESE
- ••the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants is phonologically irrelevant in Chinese; therefore,
- ••care should be taken not to confuse the Pinyin palatalized J (Wade-Giles CH)
- ••the Pinyin palatalized Q
- •CАLQUE TRANSLATION
- •HALF-CALQUES
- ••Calque translation can be very tricky as it may result in “translator’s false
TRANSLITERATING CHINESE
WORDS
•The main principles of correspondence between English and Russian syllables in transliterating Chinese words are as follows:
•the English combination ng corresponds to the nonpalatalized Russian н, e.g. kung fu
– кун-фу;
•the English n corresponds to the the Russian palatalized нь: fen – фэнь (фынь);
•the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants is phonologically irrelevant in Chinese; therefore, the Pinyin and Wade-Giles systems may differ: baihua, pai-hua – байхуа;
•in Pinyin, the vowel letter o before the non-palatalized ng corresponds to the Russian у; in the Wade-Giles it corresponds to u: e.g., Dong, Tung – Дун, Тун;
•the Russian Ж corresponds to the Pinyin R or Wade-Giles J (before front vowels): renminbi – женьминьби;
•care should be taken not to confuse the Pinyin palatalized J (Wade-Giles CH) corresponding to the Russian ЦЗ: Jiang (Chiang) – Цзян; in Japanese words the letter J before a front vowel corresponds to the Russian ДЖ / ДЗ’: jiu jitsu – джиу-джитсу, дзю-дзюцу;
•the nonpalatalized ЦЗ corresponds to the Pinyin Z or Wade-Giles TS: Zang, Tsang – Цзанг, Мао Цзэдун – Mao Zedong, Mao Tse- tung. The Japanese Z corresponds to the Russian ДЗ: Zen Buddhism – Дзэн Буддизм;
•the Pinyin palatalized X is equal to the Wade-Giles HS and corresponds to the Russian С: Xianggang, Hsiangkang – Сянган;
•the Pinyin palatalized Q
(pronounced [t ]) is equal to the Wade-Giles CH and corresponds to the Russian Ц: Qinghai – Цинхай;
•the Pinyin ZH, equal to the
Wade-Giles CH, corresponds to the Russian ЧЖ: Zhejiang – Чжэцзян.
CАLQUE TRANSLATION
•Blueprint translation is the translation of a word or a phrase by parts:
•kitchen-ette – кух-онька, brainwashing
– промывка мозгов, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) – СПИД (синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита), Залив Золотой Рог - Golden Horn Bay.
HALF-CALQUES
•There can occur half-calques in cases where half of the word is borrowed through transcription or transliteration and the other half is translated: South Korea – Южная Корея, Old Jolyon – Старый
Джолион.
•Calque translation can be very tricky as it may result in “translator’s false friends”, i.e. misleading translations:
•high school – средняя школа (not высшая школа);
•restroom – туалет (not комната
отдыха);
•дом отдыха – resort (not rest home).