2274

not easy to carry out production. The wells are first drilled and filled with hot solution, then eight-metre-long piles2 are sunk. There is no permanent3 settlement in this harsh area, but the expedition-shift method4 is used.

Daily gas production at Tyumen fields in Western Siberia is one billion cubic

metres. It has taken less than 20 years to reach the mark. The Tyumen gas fields

АГ

have been developed faster than any other deposits in the world. Long-distance

pipeline construction has also been picking up speed. While previously it tookНИtwo

years to lay a gas main, now this is done in less than 12 months.

Accumulations of hydrocarbons in commercial quantities can be found at

depths of 10 kilometres. This is the conclusion of the Azerbaijan specialists.

Notes:

е

ка

1) permafrost area – зона вечной мерзлоты;

2) pile – свая;

т

3) permanent – постоянный;

о

4) expedition-shift method – вахтовый метод.

б

л

и

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

11

Lesson III.

НИ

From the History of Petroleum.

Grammar: Passive Voice.

Words and expressions to be learned:

abound

—

изобиловать,

иметься

в

большом количестве

ка

АГ

accumulate

—

накапливать

adjacent

—

прилегающий

ancient

—

древний

deficiency

—

недостаток

depression

—

углубление, впадина

dig

—

копать

т

е

dwelling

—

жилище

escape

—

давать утечку, выходить из…

extract

—

извлекать

о

force

—

заставлять

however

—

однако

и

mention

—

упоминать

occurrence

—

залеганиел

petroliferous

—

нефтеносный

refer (to)

—

и

б

относиться к, ссылаться на…

relief

—

рельеф

scale

—

масштаб

seepage

ая

—б

просачивание

surface

—

поверхность

volatile

—

летучий

I. Read and translate the following words:

petroleum, oil, production, scale, industrial scale, start, century, present century,

н

rock, method, primitive method, good method, new method, modern method,

document, ancient document,н

illumination.

о

II. Make up nouns with the help of the suffix “-tion” and translate them:

Product, extract, form, accumulate, illuminate.

е

к

тр

л

Э

12

III. Read the text and answer the questions:

From the History of Petroleum.

Petroleum and natural gas have been known to а man long before our era.

Petroleum production on an industrial scale, however, was started only a little more

than one hundred years ago, while the production and use of natural gas – only inНИthe

20th century.

Petroleum and gas can be found escaping from rocks in many places all over

the world. Such occurrences of petroleum and gas are mentioned in the writings of

АГ

Herodotus (the 5th century B.C.1), Plutarch, Pliny the Elder, Marcus Vitrivius (the 1st

century A.D.2).

Formerly, petroleum was extracted by most primitive methods, i.e. by digging

wells to the petroliferous intervals where the petroleum was still in the liquid state.

ка

Cases are known when surface seepages of petroleum were so considerable that it

accumulated in the depressions of the relief forming petroleum pools. But in these

cases the petroleum with

time lost

е

because they had

its volatile components

т

gradually been turning into asphaltens. As can be seen from ancient historical

documents, the use of petroleum as fuel dates back to extremely early times. Not

о

only liquid petroleum but asphaltens were also used as fuel.

The use of petroleum

in early

times in theиApsheron peninsula and other

regions of the Caspian shores abounded with petroleum shows that the absence or

deficiency of other kinds of fuel (coal, peat, wood)л

forced the inhabitants to use

petroleum as fuel for heating their dwellings, cooking purposes, etc.

б

We learn that petroleum had been used for illumination in the countries

adjacent to the Caspian and the Mediterranean Seas as far back3

as several centuries

B.C.

ая

б

и

Notes:

1.

B.C. – до нашей эры

2.

A.D. – нашей эры

3. as far back as – еще

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. When did a man come to know about petroleum and natural gas?

н

2. When did the production of petroleum and natural gas begin?

3. How was petroleumн

extracted?

4. What purposes was petroleum used in early times for?

о

5. When did the history of using petroleum as a kind of fuel begin?

V. a).Change active constructions into passive according to the model.

Model:тр

A. People knew oil and natural gas long before our era.

к

P. Oil and natural gas were known to people long before our era.

Э

л

е1. At first people used petroleum as fuel for heating their dwellings.

2. Long ago producers extracted oil by primitive methods.

13

Э

3.

Sometimes people could find gas escaping from rocks.

4.

The inhabitants of oil-bearing areas also used asphaltens as fuel.

5. Ancient scientists mentioned this phenomenon in their manuscripts.

6. The hard-to-recover reserves of Tatarstan require not only additional efforts

but more financial resources.

АГ

НИ

7.

Specialists can characterize these reserves as hard-to-recover.

b). Change passive constructions into active according to the model.

Model:

P. The producers of Tatarstan are faced with many problems.

A. Many problems face the producers of Tatarstan.

ка

1.

Gas is valued as a chemical raw material just as highly as oil by specialists.

2.

е

Gas can be used for industrial and domestic purposes by consumers.

3.

The republic will be provided with necessary resources for the reconstruction

of national economy by progress in oil and gas industries.

т

4.

о

Natural gas will be supplied to our city by new gas field.

5.

Colour, odour,

specific

gravity and

viscosity of

oil are

determined by

impurities.

и

6.

Natural gas is often found by geologists in marshy places.

7.

Such parameters as pressure and temperature can be measured by operators.

VI. Translate the

following

б

into Russian

paying

attention

to the

sentences

Passive voice predicate:

и

л

it.

1.

The volume of gas is determined by the volume of the vessel which contains

2.

According to the kinetic theory, the molecules of a liquid are packed close

together.

ая

3.

Matter and energy are always бassociated.

4.

First wells were drilled to the depth of 10 to 30 metres.

5.

Today no free flowing of oil and gas is permitted.

6.

н

Many solids can be changed to gases by heating.

VII. Translate into English.

1.

Раньше нефть добывалась примитивными методами.

2.

о

Бурильщики тратили много сил и времени, чтобы добыть нефть.

3.

Позднее устаревшеен

оборудование было заменено современным.

4.

тр

Современные нефтяные и газовые скважины достигают глубины до 7 и

даже 15 км.

к

5. Современное оборудование позволяет бурить мелкие, глубокие и

сверхглубокие скважины.

л

VIII. Retell the text using the following plan:

1. Production of petroleum by primitive methods in early days of drilling.

2.

еThe improvements of wells drilling methods.

3. The necessity of drilling wells.

14

4. Petroleum production techniques in early days and nowadays.

Э

IX. Read the dialogue and make up the similar dialogue of your own.

A. – Hello. I see you are reading a book with great interest. What is it about?

B. – Yes, you are right. It is very interesting, because it deals with the history of
petroleum and natural gas.	АГ	НИ
A. – Frankly speaking, I doubt this history can be rich.

B. – I am afraid you are not right. Petroleum and natural gas were known many

centuries B.C.	ка
A. – Really? Do you mean that they used petroleum and gas in their life?

B. – Certainly, they used petroleum and gas as fuel in their dwellings and for illumination.

A. – Is that really so? And how did they produce petroleum?еDid they have oil rigs?

B. – First of all, they simply found the oil on the Earth’s surface: not liquid
		т
seepages (they are rare) but asphaltens and bitumens. Then they dug wells by
primitive methods to the petroliferous intervals.	о

A. – What is your opinion, where did the author of the book find such interesting

facts?

B. – I think that from ancient historical documents, from the works of Herodotus,
		л
Plutarch and many other scholars of ancient times. They paid much attention to
petroleum and gas and other natural resources.и
	б
A. – Thank you much for the information. I shall read this book by all means.
и
X. Read the following text without a dictionary and retell it.
Oil and gas in Tatarstan
ая

The south-eastern regions of ourбrepublic contain the main reserves of fuel and

energy. These reserves are responsible for the rapid development of oil and gas industries in Tatarstan. But today the producers of our republic are faced with the problem of stimulation well productivity because the oil and gas production is on the late stage of development and the reserves can be characterized as hard-to-recover. They require not only additional efforts but more financial resources. The other

problem is transferring oil from the category of fuel into the category of chemical
raw material.	н
Gas is valued as нa chemical raw material just as highly as oil. It is used in boiler

houses (котельных) as well as in the furnaces of electric power plants and is
				о
convenient for everyday consumption.
	Progress in oil and gas industries will provide the republic with necessary
resources for the acceleration of the technical reconstruction of national economy.
	е	к	тр
л
					15

Э

Lesson IV.

НИ

Production of Petroleum and Gas.

Grammar: Passive Voice.

АГ

Words to be remembered:

bail out

—

вычерпывать

ка

bed

—

залежь

cause

—

причина

е

crust

—

кора Земли

deepen

—

углублять

т

drilling

—

бурение

escape

—

выходить в атмосферу

emergency

—

аварийный

о

и

equipment

—

оборудование

flow out

—

вытекать

free flowing

—

фонтанирован е

level

—

уровень

л

permit

—

разрешать

pressure

—

давление

production

—

производство,

добыча

prospect

—

б

зыскание

перспект ва,

purpose

—

цель

и

recover

—

до ывать

shallow

— мелкийб

, неглубокий

spread

—

распространяться

technique

—

технология

well

—

скважина

ая

I. Read and translate the following words:

н

labour, quantity, improvement, structure, earth, purpose, type, equipment,

technique, emergency.н

о

II. Read the text and translate it.

тр

Production of Petroleum and Gas.

At first petroleum was produced by primitive methods: it was bailed out of

к

wells dug to a depth of 10 to 30 metres and more. Wells were deepened until

petroleumе -bearing beds were reached. Later on, these primitive methods gave way

to the industrial production of petroleum. Beds are located at depth from 1 to 3

л

16

Э

drilling shallow, medium-depth, deep and super deep wells. НИ During the early stages of drilling, the petroleum production technique itself

kilometres and over. Modern deep petroleum and gas wells reach depth up to 5 or 6,

and sometimes, to 7 kilometres. Wells from 10 to 15 kilometres deep are to be

drilled for studying the structure of the Earth’s crust. Wells are necessary not only

for the production of petroleum and gas, they must also be drilled for prospecting

purposes. This has led to the development of various types of drilling equipment for АГ

was primitive: wells were drilled until they started free flowing. If no free flowing

resulted, time was given for the petroleum to rise to a certain level in the well. At
		ка
first, the hydrocarbon gases, which flowed out of the well, were allowed to escape
into atmosphere.
Improvement in the drilling methods led to improved methods of petroleum
	е
production. Today no free flowing of petroleum and gas is permitted. In modern

practice, this can only be the result of an accident or of a very high oil/gas reservoir
pressure.					о	т
	III. Answer the questions:
1.	How was petroleum produced at the beginning of our century?
2.	Were the wells deep at that time?
3.	What improvements were made in drilling later?
4.	What kinds of wells can we drill now?		б	и
5.	What are wells necessary for?	и
6.
	What can you say about modern practice ofлdrilling?
	б
	IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
	bed, well, permit, bail out, petroleum,			study, escape, emergency, gushing,

modern, up-to-date, research, hole, recover, oil, allow, deposit, disappear, flowing.

V. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

deep, modern, surface, high, old, shallow, low, subsurface, escape, forbid, at

last, permit, appear, at first, accident, large, start, stop, incident, small.
		ая
VI. Use the verb in brackets in Passive and translate the sentences into
Russian:	н
1. At first petroleum (to produce) by primitive methods. 2. Now petroleum (to
produce) by modern methods.н			3. First wells (to drill) to a depth of 10 to 30 metres. 4.

Now wells (to drill) to a depth of many kilometres. 5. At first, the hydrocarbon gases
		о
(to allow) to escape into the atmosphere. 6. Today no free flowing of petroleum and
		к
gas (to permit)
	VII. Translateтр		the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the
Passive Voice constructions.
л	Model: Oil and gas production is increased from year to year.
	е	Добычу нефти и газа увеличивают с каждым годом.
		Добыча нефти увеличивается…
			17

Э

1.

Wells are drilled to produce oil.

2.

Production equipment is placed in the cased hole.

3.

This device is used to control and regulate the fluid rates.

4.

Various types of pumps are applied to lift the produced fluid to the surface.

5.

These methods are developed to increase oil recovery.

АГ

НИ

6.

New deposits of gas condensate were discovered in this region.

7.

These technologies are called well stimulation.

8.

This procedure is known as well testing.

9.

Various fuels are obtained from petroleum.

ка

10. More than 5000 students are trained in this higher school.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into

English. Use the

words and

expressions from the text:

е

1.

Нефть добывают путем бурения скважин.

т

2.

Газ транспортируют по газопроводам.

о

3.

Студентам рассказали о различных способах добычи нефти.

4.

Газовые месторождения Тюмени разрабатывались быстрее, чем другие

месторождения мира.

5.

Раньше нефть добывали примитивными методами.

6.

Устаревшее оборудование было заменено новым.

7.

Экспериментальные скважины бурятсяи

в научно-исследовательских

целях.

и

б

8.

Сейчас фонтанирование в атмосферу нел допускается.

IX. Retell the text briefly using the following plan:

a)

production in early days of drilling;

b) improvements of drilling methods;

ая

c) drilling technologies in early бdays and nowadays.

X. Read and translate the dialogue, then try to reproduce it:

н

A. — What is the subject of our lesson today?

B. — Oh, it’s interesting. It is the production of petroleum and gas.

A. — If I am not mistaken it deals with the modern methods of production in

comparison with the primitive ones.

о

B. — Do they differ much?

A. — Of course.нModern methods permit our drillers to deepen oil well to a

depth of many kilometres.

B. — What are such wells necessary for?

к

A. — They are necessary for studying the structure of the Earth’s crust, for

production of petroleum and also for prospecting purposes.

B. — Duringтр

the early stages of drilling wells were drilled until they started

flowing. Can you imagine the drawbacks of such drilling?

л

A. — Certainly. It’s nice that modern methods of production do not permit free

flowing.е

They are much more economic and productive.

18

XI. Translate the text without a dictionary and try to retell it.

The development of the Romashkinskoye oil-field

The Romashkinskoye oil-field is a geographical term describing the area of

5000 square kilometres to the west from the Ural mountains. This region wroteНИ

golden pages in the history of the Tatarstan’s oil. In July 1948 the lucky well

number 3 on the daisy meadow near the Tatar village Timyash started its free

flowing from the Devomian oil formation. To this day the republic has produced 2,6

АГ

billion tons of oil, of which 2 billion is the share of Romashkino. The

Romashkinskoye oil-field became a laboratory where new methods of exploration

and production, well drilling and construction were tested.

The oil-fields of the Western Siberia were developed by the specialists who had

ка

gone through the school of Tatarstan. The Romashkinskoye oil-field was a testing

ground not only of new techniques and technological processes, but also of human

relationships.

т

е

During the difficult postwar years thousands of people from all parts of the

Soviet Union came to Tatarstan to produce oil. Former settlements began to grow

о

and to turn into big towns. Among them are Almetyevsk and Leninogorsk,

Aznakayevo and Bavly. Now the Romashkinskoyeиoil-field is being developed by

the Stock Company “Tatneft”.

и

б

л

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

19

Э

Lesson V .

НИ

Special problems of production

Grammar: Forms of predicative

АГ

Words and expressions:

acidic

—

кислотный

ка

choke

—

штуцер

corrode

—

подвергать действию коррозии

damage

—

повредить, нанести ущерб

dispose

—

утилизировать

е

inhibitor

—

ингибитор коррозии (замедлит ль)

pipeline

—

трубопровод

о

т

plastic

—

упругий

pollute

—

загрязнять

prevent

—

предотвращать

produced water

—

попутная вода (добываемая попутно

с

нефтью)

refinery

—

нефтеперерабатывающийи

завод

rust

—

б

ржавчина, ржаветь

salty

—

и

л

соленый

special

—

особый

scale

—

шлам, отложения

sticky

—

липкий

surface

—

наземный

ая

ненадежныйб

troublesome

—

; доставляющий неприятности

tubing

н

—

НКТ (насосно-компрессорные трубы)

I. Read and translate word combinations:

special problems;

salty

waters; acidic

waters; metal equipment; come

in

contact; produced waters; scale in tubing; surface equipment; difficult to remove;
freshwater streams; sticky; plastic material.
	о
II. Give the Englishн		equivalents for the following Russian words and
expressions.
добыча нефти и газа; способствовать появлению ржавчины и коррозии;
к
проходи ь через насосы и НКТ; смесь воды и нефти; содержать материалы;

отложения в НКТ; во многих видах сырья; в различных трубах; засорять
	е	потоку.
трубы; мешатьтр
л		20