2274

Э

4. Water is produced sometimes in large quantities and it must be disposed of. 5. This manner of disposal will not damage land or pollute subsurface fresh

III. Translate the words	of the same root:					НИ
produce – producing – production
salt – salty
acid – acidic					АГ
corrode – corrosion – corrosive
tube – tubing – tubular
mix – mixture – mixer
equip – equipment
surface – subsurface
trouble – troublesome
IV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the underlined predicate.
1. The produced waters are almost always salty or acidic.
2. These waters tend to rust or corrode the metal equipment.
				ка
3. The scale deposit is formed when oil and water pass through the pumps,
tubing and chokes.	о	т	е

	water formations.
6.	Paraffins are contained in many crudes and deposits.
7.	As many oil fields have grown older, moreиand more water production has
8.	been experienced.		и	б
	In recent years more and more attentionлhas been directed toward preventing
	corrosion.	б
V. Read and text and translate it.
		ая
		Special problems of production

The special problems associated with the production of oil and gas directly result from water being present in the fluids which the wells produce; and these waters are almost always salty or acidic, or both, so that they tend to rust or corrode

the metal equipment with which they come in contract.
		н
The oil and water while passing through the pumps, tubing, chokes, etc.,
	о
become mixed in the formнof an emulsion which is undesirable because the oil/water
mixture is not suitable for sale to pipelines and refineries.
тр

Waters produced from oil and gas wells quite often contain many materials

which leave a deposit in the form of a scale in tubing or in surface equipment. This scale deposit is usually troublesome and difficult to remove.

disposedкof in a manner which will not damage land or pollute subsurface fresh waterеformations, freshwater streams or other bodies of water.

Finally, the water which is produced – sometimes in large quantities – must be

A major producing problem not caused by water is “paraffin” which is containedл in many crudes and deposits in the various pipes through which the oil

flows. This substance is a sticky, plastic material which builds up a thick deposit that plugs pipes to prevent oil flow.

21

Э

VI. Give short answers to the following general questions paying attention to

the auxiliary verbs.

НИ

1.

Do the special problems result from water being present in the fluids?

2.

Are waters produced always salty or acidic?

АГ

3.

Is this type of mixture undesirable?

4.

Must water be disposed of?

5.

Have pumping systems been described in previous lessons?

6.

May corrosion occur in any or all parts of these systems?

7.

Can special chemicals be

used in the

tubing to

provide the

chemical

protection?

ка

8.

Has much work been done to develop plastic coatings?

9.

Should extreme care be exercised in disposition of produced water?

10. Does this technology help increase oil recovery?

т

е

VII. Translate into English

о

1.

Попутно добываемая вода — это особая проблема при добыче нефти и

газа.

2.

Эти жидкости почти всегда содержат с ль или кислоту.

3.

Эти флюиды имеют тенденцию вызывать коррозию металлического

оборудования.

называется эму ьсией ии является

4.

Такая смесь

нежелательным

явлением.

и

б

5.

Добываемые

флюиды

отложения

в

виде

твердых

образуют л

нерастворимых частиц (шлама).

6.

Шлам представляет собой особую проблему, т.к. его трудно удалить.

7.

Одной из особых проблем является утилизация воды.

8.

Этот способ не причинит вреда почве и грунтовым пресным водам.

ая

9.

Ещё одна особая проблемаб— это парафин, содержащийся во многих

видах сырья.

10. Парафин образует толстый слой отложений, которые забивают трубы.

н

VIII. Read the dialogue and make up your own one using the terminological

vocabulary from the text and conversational expressions.

— Haven’t seen you for a long time. Where have you been?

о

— I have just returned from the conference on special production problems.

— Frankly speakingн

I have no idea of such problems. You know, I am not a

man of production.

— Well, there are several special problems associated with the production of

к

oil and gas. The main of them are corrosion, scale formation, water disposal

and paraffines.

— I amтрsure there are effective ways and methods for management and control

л

of these problems, aren’t there?

— Of course there are. Our department, for example, deals with the problem of

е

corrosion and preventing it.

— Which technologies, to your mind, give the most essential results?

22

— To my mind corrosion is one of the most costly troubles experienced by the

oil industry. But research has led to the discovery of many chemicals which

reduce the rate of corrosion. They are called corrosion inhibitors, and I think

that they provide good protection against corrosion.

— Well, thank you very much for your information. I wish you every success

in your work. Good bye!

АГ

НИ

— Good bye!

IX. Read and translate the text without a dictionary.

Corrosion

Corrosion is one of the most, costly troubles experienced by the oil industry. As

many oil fields have grown older, more and more water production has been

ка

experienced, increasing the corrosion problem. Research has led to the discovery of

many chemicals which reduce the rate of corrosion. These chemicals are called

е

corrosion inhibitors. In many cases they are introduced into the fluid stream in the

т

well itself. This can be accomplished by using chemical injection pumps to pump

corrosion inhibitors into the wells. Much work is also being done to develop steel

о

alloys which naturally resist the effects of corrosive waters. Some corrosion is

caused by electric currents. This electrochemical corrosionи

can be minimized by the

method of cathodic protection which is the reversal of electric current flow.

Plastics and plastic paints have provided лanother tool for fighting corrosion.

Plastic-coated pipes, tanks and other kinds of equipment are being widely used in oil

and gas production.

и

б

of production:

X. Speak briefly about special problemsб

a) corrosion;

ая

b) emulsion;

c) scale;

н

d) water disposal.

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

23

Э

Lesson VI .

НИ

Grammar: Participle.

Methods of Drillings.

АГ

Words and Expressions:

approximately

—

приблизительно

bottom of the string

—

забойная часть колонны

ка

chisel-shaped bit

—

остроконечное долото

cuttings

—

твердые нерастворимые ч стиц, шл м

directional well

—

направленная скважина

е

drilling fluid

—

буровой раствор

hole

—

ствол скважины

т

look for

—

искать

о

multi-stage

—

многоступенчатый

pause

—

пауза

peninsula

—

полуостров

percussion drilling

—

ударное бурен

е

power

—

мощность, энерг я

provide

—

обеспечивать

и

pull out

—

б

л

извлекать

rock

—

и

порода

replace

—

заменять

rope

—

канат

rotate

—

вращать

turbine

—

тур ина

ая

колоннаб

string

—

труб

I. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

н

apply, application, special application, drill, drilling, directional drilling, rotary drilling, region, start, rotate, protect, replace, system, surface, pause, length, deep (deeper, deepest), fast (faster).

				о
	II. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian words:
			тр
	ученый, р дитьсян , скважина, долото, труба, колонна, вращать, глубокий,
быстро, пове хность, время, заменять.
		к
	III. Translate into Russian paying attention to the participle:
	1.	When reading a book he always made notes.
	2.	Speaking English he never makes mistakes.
л	3.	When drilling a well a bit is making progress all the time.
	4.	Drilling fluid circulation provides the power required to rotate the turbine.
	е5. Rotary table is one of the main rotating elements of the drilling rig.
	6.	Air drilling is a method involving the use of compressed air instead of fluid.
				24

IV. Read and translate the text:

Methods of drilling.

The idea of drilling wells was born in the middle of the last century. In Russia it

was suggested by the engineer F.A. Semenov, and it was he, who started drilling oil

wells on the Apsheron peninsula.

НИ

In the USA the first wells for oil production were drilled approximately at the

same time by E. Drake. The drilling of oil wells was also started at the same time in

Canada, Germany, Romania and Italy.

АГ

In the early days of oil industry all wells were drilled by the percussion system,

in which a chisel shaped bit travelled up and down at the end of the rope making the

hole deeper.

At the beginning of the 20th century this method was replaced by rotary system,

ка

in which different sorts of bits rotate at the end of a pipe crushing rock at the bottom

of the hole while

fluid

brings the

cuttings to the surface. When drilling by this

method the bit is

е

making progress all the time, except for a short pause to add

т

another length of a drill pipe or until the bit has to be pulled out and replaced.

Turbo-drill

is

an application of rotary drilling

where the bit is rotated by a

о

multi-stage turbine positioned just above the bit at the bottom of the string. The

power required to rotate the turbine is provided by theи

drilling fluid circulation.

Turbo-drill is applied for drilling harder rocks. The special application where

turbo-drill is particularly valuable is drilling theлdirectional and offshore wells.

Now researchers are looking for the ways of drilling faster and deeper. The first

б

turbo drill was designed by M.A. Kapelyushnikov. Later some soviet scientists

developed a multistage turbo-drill.

б

и

V. Answer the questions:

1. Who suggested the idea of drilling wells in Russia?

2. When was the first oil well drilled?

3. What method of drilling was in use in the early days of oil industry?

4. What are the most progressive methods of drilling now?

ая

5. Who designed the first turbo-drill?

н

VI. Translate into English:

1.

Первая нефтянаян

скважина была пробурена в России на Апшеронском

полуост ове в середине прошлого века.

2. Долгое

о

для бурения скважин использовали канатно-ударный

в емя

ме од.

3. Наиболее

прогрессивный метод бурения — роторный, заменил

тр

ударный способ.

4.

Турбобурение – разновидность роторного бурения.

5.

к

П рвый турбобур был сконструирован советским инженером.

Э

л

е

25

Э

VII. Write out of the text the sentences containing the words with the “ing- form”, translate them and define whether it is a gerund, participle or verbal noun.

Example:

1. The idea of drilling (gerund) wells was born in the middle of the last century.

Идея о бурении скважин возникла в середине прошлого века.
2. It was he who started drilling (gerund) oil wells on the Apsheron peninsula.
Именно он начал бурить нефтяные скважины на АпшеронскомНИ
полуострове.
3. The drilling (verbal noun) of oil wells was also started at the same time in
Canada, Germany, Romania and Italy.										АГ
Бурение нефтяных скважин было одновременно нач то т кже в Канаде,
Германии, Румынии и Италии.									ка
VIII. Translate into Russian without a dictionary:
1.	Percussion, or cable drilling, was a slow procedure.
2.	Wells made by percussion drilling were of comparatively low depth, not
	more than several hundred metres.						т	е
3.
	Cable tools were suitable for drilling medium hard rocks.
4.	The early rotary procedure has hardly changed over years.
5.						о
	It is rarely possible to drill more than 60 feet per day with the percussion
	system while under favourable circumstancesи						up to 2000 feet can be now
	drilled by rotary system during the same period.
6.	In order to drill, the engine rotates theлtable which rotates the string and
7.	therefore the bit.				б
	Rotary bits are seriously limited because they transmit only 25 to 50 h.p. to
8.	the rock.			и
	Drilling engineers with the aid of bit manufacturers have increased
9.	penetration rate (скорость проходкиб					) many times over.
	Air drilling involves the fluid to force cuttings from the bottom of the hole
	to the surface.
IX. Tell some words about the methods of percussion, rotary and turbo drilling.
				ая
X. Read the following text without a dictionary and retell it.
	о	н	н
				The Black Pearl of Tatarstan
As a result of the rapid development of the famous Romashkinskoye oil-field

the autonomous republic in the very centre of the country became an oil-producing
	к
region of international significance, just like it was predicted by academician Ivan
Gubkin.		тр
Oil production became the national profession of persistent and hard-working

people of Tatarstan. When the proletarian writer Maxim Gorky visited the Apsheron
peninsulaе	at the beginning of the 20th century he saw the dark oil hell (ад) and
described the inferno (пекло) of Apsheron oil-fields with their primitive inefficient
л	26

drilling methods, slow production techniques and polluted environment.

Romashkino is nothing like the images of Maxim Gorky descriptions; this oil-field

stands out with clear streams of natural springs and with the bright green of

preserved birch groves. The first wells of Romashkino took half a year to drill and

even longer. But special technical schools and institutes were being established in

АГ

the “oil” towns of Almetyevsk and Lininogorsk. People were studying and their

skills were improving. To tell the truth, at first “big” oil was out of the question,НИbut

such famous men of production as Mutagar Nurgaleev, Michail Beloglasov, Nikolai

Dratsky and Damir Nurutdinov showed that deep Devonian wells could be drilled in

ка

just a week. Careers of the presidents of the largest Russian oil companies, “Lukoil”

and “Slavneft”, also began at Romashkino.

Nowadays, the “Tatar miracle” Romashkino, grew old, its formations gradually

е

lost their strength. The era of “easy” oil had come to an end by the 1980s. In order to

be able to develop hard-to-recover reserves containing oil with high water content

т

the producers use well stimulation. Such approach allowed to increase and stabilize

о

the total productivity of the oil-field to 25 million tons a year.

б

л

и

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

27

Э

Lesson VII.

НИ

Bits.

Grammar: Infinitive.

АГ

Words and Expressions:

advantage

—

преимущество

ка

clay

—

глина

crush

—

разрушать

cutting bit

—

долото режущего типа

е

deepen

—

углублять

determine

—

определять

т

diamond bit

—

алмазное долото

о

drag bit

—

лопастное долото

drilling speed

—

скорость бурения

inclined

—

наклонный

и

frequent

—

частый

limestone

—

известняк

б

replacement

—

замена

require

—

требовать

roller bit

—

и

шарошечное лдолото

shale

—

сланец

sinking

—

углублен е скважины, бурение в

вертикальном направлении

surface

—

поверхность

ая

рейсб

trip

—

two wing bit

н

—

двухлопастное долото

I. Read and translate the text:

Bits

о

All oil wells are drilled by means of a bit. A bit is a tool which drills the

ground and progressivelyн

deepens the well.

The properties of the rock to be drilled determine the type of a drilling bit to be used. Depending on how they operate on the rock drilling bits are classified as drag

	к
or cutting bits, and as roller bits.
	Drag bits shear or cut the rock. Roller bits have a crushing action. Two and
three wing bitsтрare used for drilling in soft clays, clay shales and other rocks which
are not particularly hard.
л	Roller bits are designed with two, three and more rolling cones, each of them
can rotateе		independently. Three-roller bits are mostly used for drilling hard rocks.
	Diamond bits are widely used for boring wells. Their advantage as compared
		28

Э

with ordinary bits lies in their longer service due to hardness of the diamonds sat in their surface. Diamond bits do not require frequent replacement, and their drilling speed, especially in sinking deep wells, is much higher than that of bits without diamonds. Not many years ago a rock bit would last for only 6 to 12 hours before wore out. Now rock bits last for two or three days on normal depth wells.

II. Read and translate the following words:

НИ

bit, roller bit, drag bit, two-wing bit, three roller bit, diamond bit, ordinary bit,

sinking, crush, cut, shear, clay, shales, rock, hard.

АГ

III. Give the English equivalents for the following words:

свойство, зависеть, использовать, мягкий, твердый, нез висимо, скорость,

служба, требовать, преимущество.

ка

IV. Translate the words of the same root:

advantage – disadvantage, deep – deepen, hard – hardness, serve – service, cut

– cuttings, rotate – rotation, operate – operation.

о

т

е

V. Use proper words in the following sentences:

All oil wells are drilled by means of …

и

used

Three roller bits are … for drilling hard rocks.

designed

Roller bits are … with two, three and more rolling cones.

a bit

Diamond bits are widely used for boring … л

wells

б

VI. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitive:

1.

The properties of the rock to be drilled determine the type of a drilling bit to

be used.

и

2.

The bit is to be replaced from timeб

to time.

3. In order to replace the bit the driller must lift it to the surface.

4. This bit is used to crush the hard rock.

VII. Use infinitive in the function of an attribute instead

of subordinate

sentences.

ая

Example: A bit is a tool with which a well is drilled.

н

A bit is a tool to drill a well.

1. The geologistsнstudied the rock which must be drilled.

2. The bit which is to be replaced lasted for only a few hours.

о

3. The task which is to be fulfilled was quite clear to drillers.

4. The work which is to be done, by the drillers included cementing the

wellbore.

5. Theтрwell which is to be completed next week is not ready for exploitation

yet.

к

6. This is the experimental well which is to be equipped with special devices.

л

е7. The next text which is to be read by students deals with drilling fluids.

29

Э

VIII. Answer the questions		НИ
1.	What is a bit?
2.	In what way are the bits classified?
3.	What are two or three wing bits used for?
4.	What does the advantage of a diamond bit lie in?

	IX. Speak about all types of bits.	АГ
	X. Read and translate the dialogue:

A. – Where are you going from, B.?

B. – I am going from the exhibition of the drilling equipment. It was very

interesting to see many types of bits there.				ка
A. – What is a bit?
B. – A bit is a tool which drills the ground and progressively deepens the well.
A. – Are there many types of bits?		т	е
B. – Certainly. It depends on how they operate on the rock. They can be drag or
	о

cutting bits, roller bits. During the last 20 years many new types of drill bits have been developed.

A. – Oh, I understand now: I have heard somethingи						about diamond bits for
boring wells.
B. – Their advantage lies in their longer service.л
A. – How long can we use one bit: for years or for days?
					б
B. – Not many years ago the bits served us for 6 hours. Now we can use them
for two of three days. Many modifications of bits were shown in the exhibition.
				и
A. – Thank you much for such information. I am glad to see you and talk with
you. See you soon.			б
B. – Good-bye.
XI. Read the following text without a dictionary and tell some words about the
types of bits.	н	ая		Drill bits
The choice of bits to be used is determined by the characteristic of the rock to
be drilled. The softer нshales of the sedimentary rocks are drilled with one type of the
bit, while harder shales and limestones are effectively drilled with another type.
о
Rocks which lie horizontally are more easily penetrated than inclined beds. In

hole. Thus,к трdifferent types and variations of bits are in use for drilling wells. The problem arises when interbedded soft and hard layers require the use of different bits. In the conventional drilling operation, the drilling bit becomes worn at frequent

this case it is often necessary to use the less weight on the bit to maintain a vertical

intervals and should be replaced. The removal of the drill pipe for the purpose of
replacingе	a worn bit is usually called “making a trip”. The higher is the quality of a
bit the fewer number of trips are required.
л	30