2274

Э

Words and Expressions:

anchor

anticipate bleed off

blow branching out casing head casting choke

Christmas tree

cut drop droplet fitting

flow valve forge gage

gasket
gate
hanger
inner
install
knockout
life of the well		о
leak
machine	тр
master gate
opening
outer
outlet
scrubber
е
slip or a gripping
stripperкfield
л
stuffing box

surface control

н	н

device

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

ая––

––

––

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Lesson XII	НИ
The well head.

анкерное устройство,			противовыбросовое
устройство фонтанной арматуры; якорь
контролировать, предупреждать
				ка
снижать давление в скважине путем АГоткрытия
задвижки
взрыв
ответвление арматуры	т
головка обсадной колонны
отливка, литье		е
штуцер

резать				о
падение (давлен я)
капелька		л	и
фитинг
фонтанная задвижка
кузн ца, ковать, кузнечная обработка
	б
манометр, контрольно–измерительный
при ори
прокладка
б
задвижка
подвеска
внутренний

фонтанная арматура, фонтанное устьевое оборудование, ёлка

установить

выталкиватель срок эксплуатации скважины утечка

производить машинную обработку фонтанная задвижка отверстие внешний выходное отверстие скруббер, скребок

плашка, устройство для захвата малодебитное месторождение, истощенное

месторождение

сальник наземное управление

51

Э

upstream	––	вверх по течению
valve	––	клапан, задвижка
well head	––	устье скважины, устьевая арматура

I. Read and translate the following pairs of synonyms:

АГ

НИ

control

––

anticipate

gage

––

meter

install

––

set

ка

opening

––

outlet, inlet

slip

––

gripping device

stripper

––

marginal

е

maintain

––

support

fluid

––

liquid

т

oil

––

petroleum

о

work over

––

repair

pumping well

––

low–pressure well

и

vary

––

differ

various

––

different

type

––

kind

replace

––

change

II. Read and translate the following pairs ofлantonyms:

inner

––

outer

и

б

inlet

––

outlet

upstream

––

downstream

high

––

low

б

top

––

bottom

inside

––

outside

surface

––

underground

take apart

––

put together

easy

––

ая

difficult

above

––

below

close

н

н

open

––

III. Read and translate the following international words:

о

control, design, configuration, combination production, mixture, operation,

construction, service, rating, condition, corrosion, group, action.

IV. Findтрthe Russian equivalents for the following English word - combinations

and expressions of the word list a) in the list b):

к

a) surface control of the well; made of steel; machine to a close fit; prevent

fluidsеfrom blowing; hold pressure; stripper field; hold the weight; prevent flow of

fluids; workover

operations; ground level;

take apart and put together; well-

л

52

Э

поверхности земли; срок эксплуатации скважин; установить (задвижку) вышеНИ

servicing operations; corrosive gases; operating conditions; flow valve; upstream of the choke, install upstream; life of the well.

b) разобрать и собрать; условие эксплуатации; изготовлено из стали; удерживать вес; работы по КРС; фонтанная задвижка; наземное управление

скважиной; месторождение на грани истощения;	работы по обслуживанию
скважины; удерживать давление; предотвратить	АГ
	поток флюидов; уровень

течения потока; выше по течению от штуцера; корродирующие газы;

тщательно подогнать с помощью машинной обработки; предотвратить
жидкости от выброса.					ка
V. Translate the following term definitions into Russian:				е
1.	Well head is an equipment used to maintain surface control of the well.
2.	Seal is a device creating tightness to prevent well fluids from blowing and
3.	leaking.	о	т
	Anchor is a blow out preventing device for pressure control equipment.

4.	Casing head is a part of the well head necessary to install heavy fittings at
	the surface to which the casing is attached.
5.	Christmas tree is a group of valves which control the flow of oil and gas from
	the well.
6.	Fitting is a connecting element of a pipe stringи						or a casing head used to make
	up a system of piping.
7.	Gage is an instrument for control and measurement.л
8.	Hanger is a device for suspending various kinds of well equipment.
9.						б
	Master gate is a kind of flow valve, used to shut in a well.
10.Stuffing box is a means of packing or sealing off the pressure inside the
					и
	tubing to prevent leakage of liquid and gas.
				б
VI. Read and translate the introduction to the text “The well head”:
			ая	The well head
The well head is the equipment used to maintain surface control of the well. It
	н
is usually made of steel, cast or forged, and machined to a close fit; and forms a seal
to prevent well fluids from		blowing or leaking at the					surface.
It is sometimes madeн		up of many heavy fittings with certain parts of the well

head designed to hold pressures up to 20,000 lb. per sq. in. (psi). Other well heads
о
may be just a simple assembly to support the weight of the tubing in the well, and
may not be built to hold pressure. (Fig. 1)
The kind of head and configuration to be used is determined by well conditions.
The high-pressureтр	well head is required where formation pressures are extremely

high. Pressures higher than 20,000 psi have been found in some fields, requiring the
	к
use of a heavy well head. In stripper fields, or where production and pressures are
very еlow, the simple well head may be used if only small amounts of gas are
produced with the oil.
л		53

АГ

НИ

ка

о

т

е

и

л

б

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

54

Э

The well head is formed of combinations of parts called the casing head, tubing head, Christmas tree, stuffing box, and pressure gages.

Casing Head
During the drilling of the well, as each string of casing is run into the hole it is
	АГ
necessary to install heavy fittings at the surface to which the casing is attached. Each
part of the casing head is supported by a part of the casing head which was installedНИ
at the top of the next larger string of casing when it was run. (See Fig. 2)
Each part of the casing head usually provides for use of slips or gripping
ка

devices to hold the weight of the casing. The head provides a way of sealing between the casing strings to prevent flow of fluids. Openings are usually provided

for reducing gas pressure which may collect between or within casing strings. Also,
			е
the openings (commonly called gas outlets) may sometimes be used for production
of the well when oil is produced through the casing.		т
The casing head is used during drilling and work-over operations as an anchor
	о

for pressure-control equipment which may be necessary during such work.

The Tubing Head

The tubing head is similar in design and use to the casing head. Its most

important purposes are to:			б	и
1.	Support the tubing string.
2.	Seal off pressures between the casing and inside of tubing.
3.	Provide connections at the	и			which the flowing liquid or gas
		surface withл

can be controlled.

The tubing head is supported by the casing head, where casing heads are used. In many low-pressure or pumping wells that have only one string of casing, the

casing head is not used and the tubing head is supported on the top of the casing at
	ая
or near ground level. Tubing heads varyб		in construction depending upon pressure.
Fig. 3, 4, and 5 show types of tubing heads.
The tubing head must be easily taken apart and put together to make well-
н

servicing operations easier. Many different types have been developed for use under

high pressures, with different designs and pressure ratings to fit expected well conditions. н

The Christmasо Tree

Wells which are expected to have high pressures (or corrosive gases) are usually equipped with special heavy valves and control equipment above the casing head or tubing head before such wells are completed. This group of valves controls the flow of oil and gas from the well, and is called a Christmas tree because of its

shape and the large number of fittings branching out above the well head. Fig. 6
shows a typicalтрChristmas tree on a gas well.
	Low-pressure or pumping wells are also sometimes equipped with simple
		к
kinds of Christmas-trees. See Fig. 7 for a low-pressure Christmas-tree assembly.
л	е
			55

АГ

НИ

ка

о

т

е

и

л

б

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

56

Э

Fig. 8 shows a type of Christmas tree assembly used for triple completions.	НИ

Pressure gages are usually used as a part of the well head and Christmas tree to

measure the casing and tubing pressures. By knowing the pressures under various
operating conditions, it is possible to have better well control.									АГ
					о	т	е	ка
				и
			л
		б
	и
б

The cutting effect of very fine sand particles or high-speed liquid droplets in

high-pressure wells may cut out valves, fittings, or chokes. Because the choke is the point at which well control is maintained, the pressure drop and cutting action are

most damaging to the choke. When replacing the choke (Fig. 9), the flow valve
upstream of the choke is closed,ая					the pressure in the line bled off, and the choke
replaced.		о	н	is anticipated, scrubbers or knockouts are often installed
When sand productionн
upstream from the choke to remove sand.
	тр

When the flow valve becomes cut and needs replacement, the master gate is closed, the pressure bled off, and the flow valve replaced. Thus, by not opening and closing the flow valve and the master gate too often and by having most of the

cutting action at the choke, it is usually possible to use the same flow valves and
master gates for the life of the well.
л	е
	VII.кAnswer the questions to the introduction:
	1.	What kind of equipment is the well head?
	2.	What material is it usually made of?
	3.	What purpose is it used for?
		57

Э

4.	What determines the kind and configuration of head?	НИ
5.	When is a heavy well head used?
6.	When is a simple well head used?
7.	What are the main components of the well head?
VIII. Read and translate silently the part of text “Casing Head”, then look at

the drawing of an independent casing head, Fig.2, and explain what elements the casing head consists of. Try to give definitions of these elements.

Model:

1. Body is a main component of the casing head inside which the other

casing head elements are mounted.

АГ

2. Retaining element is a machine component for supporting the other

elements.

е

ка

3. Hanger parker mechanism is …

т

4. Outlet is …

о

5. Lower mechanism is …

6. Outer casing is …

7. Inner casing is …

IX. Find in the text “Casing Head” the sentences in which it is said about the

purpose of a) gripping devices or slips; b) sealingиbetween the casing strings; c)

openings. Read these sentences and translate.

л

X. Read and understand the text “The Tubing Head”.

Answer the following questions:

б

1. What component of the well head is similar to the casing head?

и

2. What are the most important purposes of the tubing head?

3. Are both the casing head and theб

tubing head used in low-pressure (pumping)

wells?

4. Can the tubing head be easily mounted and dismounted?

XI. Looking at Fig.3, name and define its elements which are similar in design

ая

and use to the elements of the casing head.

н

XII. Translate the text “The Christmas Tree” in written form at home. Mind

proper terminologicalнvocabulary and stylistics of the Russian technical language.

Answer the questions:

о

1. Why is this equipment called a Christmas tree?

2. What purpose are pressure gages usually used for?

3. What effects are most damaging to the choke?

4. Whatтрis to be done when the flow valve becomes cut?

л

е

к

58

XIII. Translate the following text into English:

Устье скважины.

Устье скважины - это оборудование для наземного контроля над

скважиной. Его назначение - создать непроницаемость (a seal), чтобы

предотвратить утечку или выброс скважинных флюидов или газов. Оно такжеНИ

предназначено (designed to) для удержания давления до 20000 psi.

Пластовое давление может быть чрезвычайно (extremely) высоким.

Основные

компоненты устьевой арматуры - головка обсадной колонны,

АГ

головка колонны НКТ, фонтанная арматура («елка»), сальник и манометры.

Устьевое оборудование предусматривает (provides for) использование

специальных тяжелых клапанов-задвижек и контрольно-измерительных

приборов.

Эти компоненты контролируют поток н фти и газа из скважины,

ка

давление в обсадной колонне и в колонне НКТ. Оп раторы должны знать

давление при (under) различных условиях эксплуа ации (operating conditions)

е

скважины, для предотвращения различных аварийных ситуаций (failures).

и

о

т

л

б

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

59

Э

Words and expressions

available

bottom-hole pressure test complicated

conduct decline depletion estimate flow rate

flowing bottom-hole pressure test

furnish lease tank

midpoint orifice meter

orifice well tester performance

potential test

	procedure					ая
	productivity test				н
	record
	reservoir
	routine			о
	slight
	shut-in bottom-holeн				pressure
	test
	tank-battery
		к	тр
	testing
	test unit
	well testing
	л
	wireline
	winchе

Lesson XIII

Well testing

—		имеющийся в наличии						АГ	НИ
—		измерение забойного давления
—		сложный					ка
—		проводить
—		снижение, понижение
—		истощение				е
—		оценивать
—		расход жидкости
—				т
		испытание скважины при постоянном
		дебите	о
—		предоставлять
—		нефтесб рный промысловый
		резервуар
—		серед на
—		диафрагменныйи			расходомер
—		б
—	и	поведениел	скважины во время
		эксплуатации
—		определение потенциального дебита
		скважины
—		процедура
б		определение производительности
—		скважины; испытание на
		продуктивность
—		регистрировать, записывать (данные)
—		пласт
—		обычный, выполняемый согласно
		заведенному порядку
—		незначительный
—		измерение статического давления в
		скважине
—		резервуарный парк
—		исследование, испытание,
		опробование скважины
—		установка для исследования
—		опробование, исследование скважины
—		канатная линия
—		лебедка
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