Therapeutic Micro-Nano Technology BioMEMs - Tejlal Desai & Sangeeta Bhatia
.pdfINDEX
MEMS and, 113–114 nanoparticulates and, 206 photothermally modulated, 162 sustained, 172, 264
drug delivery, microdevices for oral, 237–259 introduction, 237–41
bioadhesion in gastrointestinal tract, 238–240 current challenges, 237–238
microdevice technology, 240–241 previous approach to, 238
materials for microfabrication, 241–243 poly(methyl methacrylate), 242–243 porous silicon, 242
silicon dioxide, 242 microfabrication, 243–247
pol(methyl methacrylate), 246–247, 249 porous silicon, 244–246, 248
process for creating porous silicon microdevices, 247
process for creating silicon dioxide microdevices, 243–244
silicon dioxide, 243–244
miocrodevice loading/release mechanisms, 253–258
bioavailibility studies, 257–258 Caco-2 in vitro studies, 255, 257 cell culture conditions, 255–256
confluency/tight junction formation, 256 lectin-modified microdevice adhesion,
256–257
porous silicon microdevices, 254–255 welled silicon dioxide/PMMA microdevices,
254
surface characterization, 251–253 surface chemistry, 247–251
aimine functionalization, 249 avidin immobilization, 251 lectin conjugation, 251
drug release over time, 201–202
ECM (extracellular matrix), 337, 328, 336 elastin peptides, 202, 203
ELISA (Sandwich-Type Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), 162
emphysema, 194, 204
encapsulation. See islet cell replacement EPD (electrophoretic deposition), 81
EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance), 200 etching, 175–177, 243–244, 265, 269, 270, 356
fabrication methods/techniques. See also biosensing, multi-phenotypic cellular arrays for; islet cell replacement; tissue engineering, 3-D fabrication technology for
adhesive-mediated, 28–29
369
MEMS
etching, 175–177, 243–244, 265, 269, 270, 356 photolithography, 28, 56–57, 81–82, 265, 333 thin film deposition, 109, 265
for nanoporous membranes, 269–271 for supported membranes, 314–317
FDM (fused deposition modeling), 26 FEM (finite element modeling), 118 FGF (fibroblast growth factor), 6 Fick’s law, 271, 272, 277
FLIC (fluorescence interface constant microscopy), 308–309
fluorescence
gene expression/protein up-regulation markers, 84–85
bioluminescent proteins, 84–85 green fluorescent, 85
intracellular fluorescent probes, 86–87 porous silicon, 216
FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), 307
FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer), 308, 309
glucose
detecting concentration of, 216 diffusion of, 180
transdermal extraction of, 229–230
hard lithography, 306
heart disease, pacemakers for, 172 heat-mediated 3-D fabrication, 24–27 hemophilia, 172
heparin, for transdermal drug delivery, 227–228 hepatocytes, 325, 334–336, 339
homing peptides. See vascular diagnosis/therapy, nanoparticle targeting for
hypoxia, 197–198
iconic self-complementary peptide. See Lego peptide idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 207
IgG diffusion, 183–185
imaging. See also biocompatible quantum dots (QDs) magnetic resonance, 106, 200, 205
nanoshells for molecular, 166–167 positron emission tomography, 200 radiography, 109, 203, 204, 208
in vivo live animal imaging, 150–152 immunoassays, 71–72
microfluidic examples of, 73–74
using smart beads, 301 nanoshells vs., 161–162 T-sensor device or, 72
in vitro, 146–149
370
implantable zero-order output devices, 273 implants. See controlled drug delivery, nanoporous
implants for indicator genes, 201 integrin adhesions, 328 intelligent systems, 216 interferon gamma, 207 interferon release, 272–273
intracellular fluorescent probes, 86–87 intracranial pressure monitoring, 110–112 ion channels, 255, 316–317
islet cell replacement, 171–189 biocapsule assembly/loading, 178–179 conclusions, 189
introduction, 171–175
cellular delivery/encapsulation, 172–174 MEMS/bioMEMS and, 171–172 microfabricated nanoporous biocapsule, 174–175
islet packing density, 186–189
microfabricated biocapsule membrane diffusion studies, 181–186
glucose diffusion, 182 IgG diffusion, 184–186
measured effective diffusion coefficients, 181 pore size vs. pore area, 181–182
nanoporous membrane/biocapsular environment, 179–180
nanoporous membrane fabrication, 175–178
lab-on-a-chip microsystem, 207. See also cell culture, microfluidic
laminar flow, 59–60 lectins, 239–240
adhesion of lectin-modified microdevices, 256–257 lectin conjugation, 251
Lego peptide, 40–41
liposomal delivery systems, 197–198 lithography techniques
hard, 306
photolithography, 33, 56–57, -81–82, 265, 3337 soft, 57–58, 82–83, 306, -355–357
LMWH (low-molecular weight heparin), 227–228 low-frequency sonophoresis. See transdermal drug
delivery, using low-frequency sonophoresis lung cancer, 194, 203–204. See also pulmonary
pathology
membrane technology, supported lipid bilayers for, 305–322
applications, 313–319
electrical manipulation, 316–317 live cell interactions, 317–319 membrane arrays, 313–314 membrane-coated beads, 314–316
conclusion, 319
INDEX
fabrication methodologies, 310–313 introduction, 305–306
physical characteristics of membranes, 306–310 long-range lateral mobility, 306–310
phase separation/collective mobility of phase-separated domains, 308-312
MEMS fabrication. See also neurosurgery, MEMS and etching, 107–108, 243–244
islet cell replacement and, 171–172 photolithography, 56–57, 81–83, 243, 248, 333 thin film deposition, 109, 265
metal nanoshells, diagnostic/therapeutic applications of, 157–166
gold nanoshells, 160–165 molecular imaging, 166–167
nanoshells vs. immunoassays, 161–165 photothermal ablation, 165–167 photothermally modulated drug delivery, 162
turnable optical properties of, 142–143 gold colloid growth into complete shell,
160–162
plasmon resonance, 160–162
microcontact printing, 45, 63, 82, 311–312, 313, 333, 336, 337, 357
microfabricated cells, 327
microfabricated nanoporous biocapsule, 174–175 microfabricated platforms, 241–244 microfabrication, 56–58
soft lithography PDMS structures, 57–58 microfluid. See cell culture, microfluidic; cell function,
advanced microfluidic assays for; smart bead based microfluidic chromatography
micro-/nanometer-scale needles, 201 microspheres, 14, 15–17, 241 microstamping, 356
microsyringe, pressure-assisted, 29 molding, 29–32
molecular ink peptides, 46–48
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 106, 200 mucoadhesion, 239
multi-phenotypic cellular arrays. See biosensing, multi-phenotypic cellular arrays for
muscle-cell fusion, 359
nano-channel diffusion, 276–277 NanoGATE technology, 269–271 nanoparticles, for drug delivery, 201
nanoparticle targeting. See vascular diagnosis/therapy, nanoparticle targeting for
nanoparticulates, for drug delivery, 201 nanoporous implant diffusion studies, 263–283
bovine serum albumin release data, 273–276 interferon release data, 272–273
modeling and data fitting, 276–277 results interpretation, 275–276
INDEX
nanosensors, 146–147 nanoshells. See metal nanoshells,
diagnostic/therapeutic applications of needles, micro-/nanometer-scale, 201
nerve graft, 4
neural prostheses, 112–113
neural regeneration, 3–17, 118–121
axonal outgrowth promotion in CNS/PNS, 4–6 inhibitory effects alleviation, 6
response after injury, 4 substrates for support, 5 trophic factors to stimulate, 5–6
conclusion, 17 introduction, 3
spatially controlling protein release, 6–13 cell transplants, 12–13
chemical vs. photochemical crosslinkers, 8–11 contact guidance regeneration strategy, 10–11 nerve guide conduits for axonal regeneration, 11 other hydrogel scaffolds, 10
permissive bioactive hydrogel scaffolds, 7 temporally controlling protein release, 13–17
demand driven release of trophic factors, 17 embedded microspheres, 13–14
lipid microtubules, 16 osmotic pumps, 13–14 neurosurgery, MEMS and, 95–120
applications, 107–111 conventional treatments, 99–104
brain tumors, 101–102
degenerative disease of the spine, 104–105 hydrocephalus, 99–101
Parkinson’s disease, 103–104 defining neurosurgery, 95 evolution of neurosurgery, 106–107 future prospects, 120
history of neurosurgery, 95–99
obstacles to neurosurgical employment of MEMS, 108–111
biocompatibility assessment, 109–110 opportunities, 110–120
drug delivery systems, 113–114 intracranial pressure monitoring, 110–112 neural prostheses, 112–113
neural regeneration, 118–120
smart surgical instruments/minimally invasive surgery, 114–116
in vivo spine biomechanics, 116–118 NGF (nerve growth factor), 5–6 non-communicating hydrocephalus, 99
ODN (oligonucleotides), 228
optical nanostructure template, 217–219
oral drug delivery. See drug delivery, microdevices for oral
371
organ transplant, 326 osmotic pumps, 13–14
Ostwald Ripening process, 140
pacemakers, 172
PAM (pressure-assisted microsyringe), 29 Parkinson’s disease, 103–104 Particle-in-a-box, 144
patterning
cell adhesion and
cell-matrix interactions, 336–337 cell-to-cell interactions, 333–336 3-D patterning, 338
substrate mechanics patterning, 339–340 surface patterning, 332–333
individual microfluidic channels, 61–62 photopatterning, 32–33
surface, in array fabrication, 81
PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) stamp, 312, 333, 336
PDMS (poly(dimethylsiloxane) structures, 57–58, 82
PEG-based polymers, 338 PEG biotin, 301 PEG-hydrogels, 83, 88–89 PEG IPN, 357–359
peptide nanobiomaterials, 39–52
biological material construction units, 40–47 Lego peptide, 41–42
molecular ink peptides, 45–47 surfactant/detergent peptides, 42–45
introduction, 40
peptide surfactants/detergents, 52 perspective/remarks, 52–53
for tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, 47–52
ideal synthetic biological scaffolds, 47 peptide scaffolds, 47–49
PuraMatrix, 49–52
peptides. See peptide nanobiomaterials; vascular diagnosis/therapy, nanoparticle targeting for
PET (positron emission tomography), 199 photolithography, 56–57, 81–83, 265, 338, 356 photopatterning, 32–34
photothermal ablation, 165–166 plasmon resonance, 157–159 PLLA (Ply (L-Lactide), 10–11 PMMA microdevices, 252
PMMA (poly(methyl) methacrylate), 242–243, 253–257
PNIPAAm, 293–294, 297–298, 301 PNIPAAm-streptavidin particle system, 293–294 PNS (peripheral nervous system). See neural
regeneration poly(ethylene) glycol hydrogels, 83
372
polymers, 242, 338. See also smart polymer technologies in biomedicine
porous silicon, 216–217, 244, 245–252, 254 porous silicon microdevices, 249, 254–255 pretreatment sonophoresis, 225, 226 printing
microcontact, 45, 82, 311–312, 313, 333, 336, 337–338, 357
three-dimensional, 28–29 proteins. See neural regeneration pulmonary embolism, 194 pulmonary fibrosis, 207 pulmonary infections, 207–208 pulmonary pathology, 193–208
applications for lungs, 197–199
devices with nanometer-scale features, 198 liposomes, 197–198
molecularly derived therapeutics, 197–198 introduction, 194–195
challenges for nanotechnology devices, 195–196 limitations for nanotechnology in, 195–96
potential uses of nanotechnology, 198–207 diagnostics, 199–202
disease markers/localization, 199 imaging, 199
evolving nanotechnology, 203–207 asthma, 206
lung cancer, 203–204 pulmonary fibrosis, 207 pulmonary infections, 207–208
pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 204–205 therapeutics, 201–203
mechanical/structural interventions, 202–203 therapeutic agent delivery, 201–203
pulmonary thromboembolic (PTE) disease, 204–205 PuraMatrix
compatibility with bioproduction/clinical application, 51–52
extensive neurite outgrowth/active synapse formation on, 50
as synthetic origin/clinical-grade quality, 51 tailor-made, 51–52
QD-based molecular barcodes, 147–149 quantum dots. See biocompatible quantum dots
(QDs)
radiative recombination, 143 radiography, 204
computerized tomography, 107, 200 positron emission tomography, 199
radiosurgery, stereotactic, 102–103
RAFT (reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer), 293
rafts, cell membrane, 305, 308
INDEX
regenerative medicine. See peptide nanobiomaterials rhDNAase, 197
RICM (reflection interference contrast microscopy), 308–310
SAMs (self-assembled monolayers), 331, 357 scaling effects, 59
silicon-based porous materials, 215–216 silicon dioxide, 242, 243–244, 245, 254
simultaneous sonophoresis, 225. See also transdermal drug delivery, using low-frequency sonophoresis
smart polymer technologies in biomedicine, 289–301
introduction
smart bead based microfluidic chromatography, 296–301
affinity chromatography, 298–300 bioanalysis devices, 298
future of, 301 introduction, 396–297
smart bead preparation, 397–398
smart meso-scale particle systems, 291–296 aggregation mechanism, 290 applications, 291
introduction, 291–293
potential uses in diagnostics/therapy, 296 properties of PNIPAAm-streptavidin particle
system, 293–294
protein switching using aggregation switch, 294–296
smart polymers, 294–296 aggregation mechanism, 294–296
smart surgical instruments/minimally invasive surgery, 114–116
soft lithography, 57–58, 82–83, 347, 355–358 sonophoresis. See transdermal drug delivery, using
low-frequency sonophoresis spine biomechanics, 116–118
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), 298 stereotactic radiosurgery, 102–103 surface-based assays, 147
surface patterning, 81 surface tension, 60–61
surfactant/detergent peptides, 40–45 sustained drug delivery, 172, 268
T cells, 319–320
temperature sensitive polymer, 290–292, 296–297 templated nano materials, 217
TEM (transmission electron micrograph), 200 tension hydrocephalus, 99
thermochemical bifunctional crosslinkers, 8–9 three 3-DP (three-dimensional printing), 28–29 thromboembolic disease, 197
INDEX
tissue engineering, 3-D fabrication technology for, 23–34
acellular constructs, 24–30 adhesive-mediated fabrication, 28–29
pressure-assisted microsyringe, 29 three-dimensional printing, 28–29
heat-mediated 3-D, 24–27 3-D plotting, 26–27
fused deposition modeling, 26 ply(DL-lactic-co-glycolic) acid, 24–26 selective laser sintering, 26
indirect fabrication by molding, 29–30 light-mediated fabrication, 27–28
cellular construct, 30–31 future directions, 34
hybrid cell/scaffold constructs, 31–34 cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds by molding,
31–32
cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds by photopatterning, 32–34
introduction, 23–24
tissue plasminogen activators, 197 top-down approach, 39, 269–272
transdermal drug delivery, using low-frequency sonophoresis, 223–232
advantages of, 228–229
avoiding drug degradation in gastrointestinal tracts, 223
better patient compliance, 223 sustained release of drug, 224
low-frequency sonophoresis, 225–226 macromolecular delivery, 226–229
low-molecular weight heparin, 227–228 oligonucleotides, 228
peptides and proteins, 226–227 vaccines, 228–229
mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis, 230–232
373
transdermal glucose extraction using sonophoresis, 229–230
ultrasound in medical applications, 224 ultrasound-mediated transdermal transport,
224–225 transdermal drug release, 172
transdermal glucose extraction using sonophoresis, 229–230
transplanted cell rejection, 172
T-sensor device for diffusion immunoassay, 72
tumor-homing peptides, 129–130
ultrasound, 165, 200–205, 207, 224–225. See also transdermal drug delivery, using low-frequency sonophoresis Ultrastructure-Accounting Characterization Mode
Ultrasound, 207
vaccines, 228–229 for cancer, 207 injection of, 201
vascular diagnosis/therapy, nanoparticle targeting for, 127–133
agent delivery, 201
features of vessels in disease, 129–131 angiogenesis, 129–130
future directions, 133–134 homing peptides, 132 introduction, 127–129 nanoparticle targeting, 132–133
in vivo phage display in vascular analysis, 130
venous thrombosis, 194
welled microdevices, 244, 254
xenograft, 114, 151, 173–174, 184
Abbreviated Table of Contents
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
I. |
Cell-based Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
1. |
Nanoand Micro-Technology to Spatially and Temporally Control |
|
|
Proteins for Neural Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
Anjana Jain and Ravi V. Bellamkonda |
|
2. |
3-D Fabrication Technology for Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
|
Alice A. Chen, Valerie Liu Tsang, Dirk Albrecht, and Sangeeta N. Bhatia |
|
3. |
Designed Self-assembling Peptide Nanobiomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
|
Shuguang Zhang and Xiaojun Zhao |
|
4. |
At the Interface: Advanced Microfluidic Assays for Study of Cell Function |
55 |
|
Yoko Kamotani, Dongeun Huh, Nobuyuki Futai, and Shuichi Takayama |
|
5. |
Multi-phenotypic Cellular Arrays for Biosensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
|
Laura J. Itle, Won-Gun Koh, and Michael V. Pishko |
|
6. |
MEMS and Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
|
Shuvo Roy, Lisa A. Ferrara, Aaron J. Fleischman, and Edward C. Benzel |
|
II. Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
|
7. |
Vascular Zip Codes and Nanoparticle Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
127 |
Erkki Ruoslahti
8. Engineering Biocompatible Quantum Dots for Ultrasensitive,
Real-Time Biological Imaging and Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Wen Jiang, Anupam Singhal, Hans Fischer, Sawitri Mardyani, and Warren C. W. Chan
9. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Metal Nanoshells . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Leon R. Hirsch, Rebekah A. Drezek, Naomi J. Halas, and Jennifer L. West
10. Nanoporous Microsystems for Islet Cell Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Tejal A. Desai, Teri West, Michael Cohen, Tony Boiarski, and Arfaan Rampersaud
11. Medical Nanotechnology and Pulmonary Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
193 |
Amy Pope-Harman and Mauro Ferrari
12. |
Nanodesigned Pore-Containing Systems for Biosensing and Controlled |
|
|
Drug Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
213 |
|
Fred´erique´ Cunin, Yang Yang Li, and Michael J. Sailor |
|
13. |
Transdermal Drug Delivery using Low-Frequency Sonophoresis . . . . . . . . . . |
223 |
|
Samir Mitragotri |
|
14. |
Microdevices for Oral Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
237 |
|
Sarah L. Tao and Tejal A. Desai |
|
15. |
Nanoporous Implants for Controlled Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
263 |
|
Tejal A. Desai, Sadhana Sharma, Robbie J. Walczak, Anthony Boiarski, |
|
|
Michael Cohen, John Shapiro, Teri West, Kristie Melnik, Carlo Cosentino, |
|
|
Piyush M. Sinha, and Mauro Ferrari |
|
III. Molecular Surface Engineering for the Biological Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
16. Micro and Nanoscale Smart Polymer Technologies in Biomedicine . . . . . . . . 289
Samarth Kulkarni, Noah Malmstadt, Allan S. Hoffman, and Patrick S. Stayton
17. Supported Lipid Bilayers as Mimics for Cell Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
305 |
Jay T. Groves
18. Engineering Cell Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Kiran Bhadriraju, Wendy Liu, Darren Gray, and Christopher S. Chen
19. Cell Biology on a Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Albert Folch and Anna Tourovskaia
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367