seeds of the wild mustard weed family are
		mixed into canola meal (e.g., when those
		weeds grew in a canola field and that result-
		ant canola is processed into canola meal),
		such canola meal must first be diluted (e.g.,
		via mixing in some soybean meal) in order
		to reduce glucosinolate concentration
		(below the legal maximum allowance)
		before it is fed to livestock in Canada. See
		also CANOLA, BRASSICA, TOXIN, PHYTOTOXINS,
		METABOLISM, SOYBEAN MEAL.
		Glufosinate See PAT GENE, BAR GENE, HERBICIDE-
	G	TOLERANT CROP, GENE, GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE.
		Gluphosinate See PAT GENE, BAR GENE, HERBI-
		C I D E -T O L E R A N T C R O P , G E N E , G L U T A M I N E
		SYNTHETASE.
		Glutamate Dehydrogenase An enzyme found
		naturally in certain soil bacteria, which helps
		those bacteria to utilize soilborne nitrogen.
		When its gene (GDH gene) is inserted into
		corn plant via genetic engineering, the
		resultant plant production of glutamate
		dehydrogenase enables that corn plant to
		better utilize soilborne nitrogen. As a result,
		such genetically engineered corn (Zea
		mays L.) has a protein yield increase of
		approximately 10%, according to research
		begun in 1991 by David Lightfoot. See also
		ENZYME, BACTERIA, GENE, CORN, NITROGEN
		CYCLE, DEHYDROGENASES, PROTEIN, GENETIC
		ENGINEERING.
		Glutamic Acid A dicarboxylic amino acid of
		the α-ketoglutaric acid family. See also
		AMINO ACID.
		Glutamine An amino acid; the monamide of
		glutamic acid. Glutamine is of fundamental
		importance for amino acid biosynthesis in
		all forms of life. See also GLUTAMINE SYN-
		THETASE, AMINO ACID, PAT GENE, BAR GENE.
		Glutamine Synthetase An enzyme that cata-
		lyzes the synthesis of glutamine (which is
		crucial for amino acid biosynthesis). See
		also GLUTAMINE, ENZYME, PAT GENE, BAR GENE,
		AMINO ACID.
		Glutathione A tripeptide that is found in all
		cells of higher animals, which acts to help
		protect against oxidative stress. Composed
		of the amino acids glutamic acid, cysteine,
		and glycine. The cysteine possesses a sulf-
		hydryl group that makes glutathione a weak

reducing agent. See also OXIDATIVE STRESS,

REDUCTION (IN A CHEMICAL REACTION).

Gluten A term used to refer to a naturally occurring mixture of two different proteins — glutenin and gliadin — in the seeds of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). In flour made from traditional varieties of wheat, glutenin proteins constitute approximately 50% of the total gluten. The relative content of those two proteins determines one of the most commercially important properties of the wheat (strength and elasticity of the flour made from that particular wheat). For example, more of the high molecular weight glutenin (which is “stretchy” and imparts physical strength to a dough made from such flour, so that dough holds together while rising) results in a flour that is better suited to manufacture higher-quality yeast-raised bread products. See also WHEAT, PROTEIN,

GLUTENIN, HIGH-GLUTENIN WHEAT, YEAST,

MOLECULAR WEIGHT, POLYMER.

Glutenin A protein naturally present in the gluten within seeds of wheat (Triticum aes-

tivum). See also GLUTEN, WHEAT, PROTEIN.

Glyceraldehyde (D- and L-) One of the smallest monosaccharides, it is called an aldose because it contains an aldehyde group. Glyceraldehyde has a single asymmetric carbon atom; thus there are two stereoisomers (D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde).

See also MONOSACCHARIDES, STEREOISOMERS. Glycetein See ISOFLAVONES.

Glycine (gly) The simplest (and smallest) of the amino acids found in proteins. It is the only amino acid that does not have an asymmetric carbon atom within its molecule. Thus, it is not optically active. See also AMINO ACID,

PROTEIN, STEREOISOMERS, OPTICAL ACTIVITY. Glycine max See SOYBEAN PLANT.

Glycinin One of the (structural) categories of proteins that are produced within seeds of legumes. In general, glycinins contain 3–4 times more cysteine (cys) and methionine (met) per unit of protein than does β-con- glycinin. See also PROTEIN, CYSTEINE (cys),

METHIONINE (met). Glycitein See ISOFLAVONES.

Glycitin The β-glycoside form (isomer in which glucose is attached to molecule at the 7 position of the A ring) of the isoflavone

© 2002 by CRC Press LLC

known as glycitein (aglycone form). See also

ISOFLAVONES, ISOMER, GLYCITEIN.

Glycoalkaloids See ALKALOIDS.

Glycobiology The study of the involvement (function) of sugars in biological processes.

See also GLUCOSE (GLc), GLUCOSE OXIDASE, GLYCOGEN, GLYCOLIPID, GLYCOLYSIS, GLYCOPROTEIN,

GLYCOSIDASES, GLYCOSIDE, GLYCOSYLATION.

Glycocalyx A polysaccharide matrix involved (in some microorganisms) in firm attachment of the organism to a solid surface.

Glycoform One of several molecular arrangements that a given glycoprotein can possess [varieties are determined by the attachment of various oligosaccharide(s)]. Some glycoforms of a given glycoprotein may exhibit greater or lesser biological activity (e.g., pharmaceutical effectiveness for biotherapeutic glycoproteins) because the oligosaccharide units of the glycoprotein molecule mediate interactions of the glycoprotein with the cells of the body. See also GLYCOPROTEIN,

OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

Glycogen A polymer of glucose with a branching, tree-like molecular structure. It is the chief storage form of carbohydrates in animals. In mammals, glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscles. Its molecular weight may be several million. See also

GLUCOSE (GLc), GLUCAGON, MOLECULAR WEIGHT.

Glycolipid A lipid containing at least one carbohydrate group within its molecule. See

also LIPIDS, GLYCOPROTEIN, GLYCOSYLATION,

GLYCOLYSIS.

Glycolysis A metabolic process in which sugars are broken down into smaller compounds with the release of energy. This series of chemical reactions is found in plant and animal cells as well as in many microorganisms. Except for the final reaction in the series, the chemical reaction pathway of glycolysis is the same as that for fermentation. See also

GLUCOSE (GLc), METABOLISM, FERMENTATION.

Glycoprotein A conjugated protein containing at least one carbohydrate (oligosaccharide) group within its molecule. A commonly occurring category of glycoproteins found in nature is called mucoproteins. These are pro- tein-polysaccharide compounds that occur in the tissues, particularly in mucous secretions. Other glycoproteins include lymphokines

© 2002 by CRC Press LLC

(e.g., interleukins), hormones (e.g., somatotropins), receptors (e.g., GP120), enzymes (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator), and some therapeutics (e.g., CD4PE40). See also

GLYCOFORM, CONJUGATED PROTEIN, GP120 PRO-

TEIN, CONJUGATE, PROTEIN, OLIGOSACCHARIDES,

POLYSACCHARIDES.

Glycoprotein C A blood-clot regulating gly-

coprotein. See also PROTEIN C, GLYCOPROTEIN.

	Glycoprotein Remodeling The use of restric-
	tion endoglycosidases to (enzymatically)
	remove sugar (i.e., oligosaccharide)
	“branches” from glycoprotein (i.e., part pro-	G
	tein, part oligosaccharide) molecules. One
	reason to perform such glycoprotein remod-
	eling would be to remove one or more oligo-
	saccharide branches so that the glycoprotein
	is less or no longer antigenic (i.e., triggers
	an immune response). This allows the gly-
	coprotein to be injected into the body (e.g.,
	for pharmaceutical purposes) without incur-
	ring an unwanted immune response. See also
	GLYCOPROTEIN, RESTRICTION ENDOGLYCOSI-
	DASES, ENZYME, OLIGOSACCHARIDES, ANTIGEN,
	CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE, HUMORAL IMMU-
	NITY, ANTIBODY, EPITOPE, HAPTEN.
	Glycosidases Enzymes that catalyze the cleav-
	age (hydrolysis) of glycosidic molecular
	bonds. For example, lysozyme (an enzyme
	found in human tears) lyses (cuts up) certain
	bacteria by cleaving the (β configuration)
	glycosidic linkages (bonds) between the
	monosaccharide units that (when linked)
	comprise the polysaccharide component of
	the bacterial cell walls. A bacterial cell
	devoid of a cell wall usually bursts. See also
	ENDOGLYCOSIDASE, EXOGLYCOSIDASE, RESTRIC-
	TION ENDOGLYCOSIDASES.
	Glycoside Any of a group of compounds that
	yield sugar molecules on hydrolysis. All
	parts of a glycoside compound may be sugar
	molecules, so that sucrose, raffinose, starch,
	and cellulose — all of which hydrolyze into
	sugar molecules — may all be considered to
	be glycosides. However, the name (glyco-
	side) is usually applied to a compound in
	which part of the molecule is not a sugar.
	This nonsugar component is called the agly-
	con. See also HYDROLYSIS, FRUCTAN.
	Glycosinolates See GLUCOSINOLATES.

TECHNOLOGY OFFICE,

rDNA,

Glycosylation (to glycosylate) Addition of oligosaccharide units (e.g., to protein molecules). The oligosaccharide units are linked to either asparagine side chains by N-glyco- sidic bonds or to serine and threonine side chains by O-glycosidic bonds. See also

OLIGOSACCHARIDES, PROTEIN, GOLGI BODIES,

PLANTIBODIES™, BACULOVIRUS.

Glycosyltransferases A class of enzymes (transferases) that catalyze the addition (chemical reaction) of specific sugars (molecular groups) to oligosaccharides, gly-

Gcoproteins, or glycosides. See also OLIGO-, , ,

SACCHARIDES MONOSACCHARIDES ENZYME GLYCOPROTEIN, GLYCOSIDE, TRANSFERASES.

Glyphosate An active ingredient in some herbicides, it kills plants (e.g., weeds) by inhibiting the crucial plant enzyme EPSP synthase.

See also ENZYME, EPSP SYNTHASE, CP4 EPSPS,

GLYPHOSATE OXIDASE, GLYPHOSATE-TRIMESIUM,

GLYPHOSATE ISOPROPYLAMINE SALT, GA21.

Glyphosate Isopropylamine Salt One of several forms of an active ingredient utilized in some glyphosate-based herbicides. See also

GLYPHOSATE, EPSP SYNTHASE, CP4 EPSPS, GLY-

PHOSATE OXIDASE, GLYPHOSATE-TRIMESIUM.

Glyphosate Oxidase An enzyme that (via catalysis) chemically breaks down glyphosate (i.e., the active ingredient in some herbicides). Glyphosate oxidase is produced in nature by acclimated microorganisms. In 1988, Michael Heitkamp discovered a strain of Pseudomonas bacteria which possessed a gene (GO) that caused those particular Pseudomonas bacteria to produce unusually large amounts of glyphosate oxidase. That GO gene can be incorporated into a variety of crop plants (soybean, cotton, etc.) in order to help enable those plants to survive postemergence applications of glyphosate-con- taining herbicides. Additionally, a plant can be genetically engineered to survive postemergence applications of glyphosate-con- taining and/or sulfosate-containing herbicides via insertion of gene (cassette) for plant production of the enzyme CP4 EPSPS.

See also ENZYME, ACCLIMATIZATION, STRAIN,

PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS, GENE, GENETIC

ENGINEERING, BACTERIA, MICROORGANISM,

SOYBEAN PLANT, EPSP SYNTHASE, CP4 EPSPS,

CASSETTE, GLYPHOSATE, SULFOSATE, GA21.

© 2002 by CRC Press LLC

Glyphosate Oxidoreductase An enzyme naturally produced in one strain of the microorganism Ochrobactrum anthropi. That enzyme (by catalysis) chemically breaks down glyphosate (the active ingredient in some herbicides). If a gene (called goxv247) that codes for the production of glyphosate oxidoreductase is inserted via genetic engineering into crop plants, that would help enable such plants to survive post-emergence applications of glyphosateand/or sulfosatecontaining herbicides. Additionally, a plant can be genetically engineered to survive post-emergence applications of glyphosateand/or sulfosate-containing herbicides via insertion of gene (cassette) for plant production of the enzyme CP4 EPSPS. See also

ENZYME, STRAIN, MICROORGANISM, GENE,

GENETIC ENGINEERING, EPSP SYNTHASE, CP4

EPSPS, CASSETTE, GLYPHOSATE, SULFOSATE.

Glyphosate-Trimesium One of several forms of active ingredient utilized in some glypho- sate-based herbicides. See also GLYPHOSATE,

EPSP SYNTHASE, CP4 EPSPS, GLYPHOSATE OXI-

DASE, GLYPHOSATE ISOPROPYLAMINE SALT, GA21.

Gm Fad2-1 A (plant) gene that codes for delta 12 desaturase (∆ 12). See also GENE, DELTA 12

DESATURASE, COSUPPRESSION.

GMAC Acronym for the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee of the country of Australia, which advises the Australian government on matters pertaining to genetic engineering (e.g., new rDNA product approvals). The GMAC is analogous to Germany’s ZKBS (Central Commission on Biological Safety), Brazil’s CTNBio (National Technical Biosafety Commission), and the Kenya Biosafety Council. See also GENE

TECHNOLOGY REGULATOR (GTR), ZKBS (CENTRAL

COMMISSION ON BIOLOGICAL SAFETY), RECOMBI-

NANT DNA ADVISORY COMMITTEE (RAC), GENETIC

ENGINEERING, DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

(DNA), CTNBio, KENYA BIOSAFETY COUNCIL, GENE

INTERIM OFFICE OF THE

GENE TECHNOLOGY REGULATOR (IOGTR).

GMO Genetically manipulated organism, or genetically modified organism. See also

GENE, GENE SPLICING, GENETIC ENGINEERING.

GMP See GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP).

GMP Guanylate See G-PROTEINS.

GoldenRiceTM

GENETICALLY MODIFIED PEST PRO-

GMPP See

TECTED (GMPP) PLANTS.

GMS Genetically modified soya. See also GMO,

SOYBEAN PLANT.

GNE Group of National Experts on Safety in Biotechnology. The group of people within the OECD that developed OECD’s guidelines for nations to utilize in their safety evaluations of foods derived from biotech-

nology. See also ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC

COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD), BIO-

TECHNOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING.

GO Gene See GLYPHOSATE OXIDASE.

Golden Rice A biotechnology-derived rice (Oryza sativa) created in the 1990s by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer, which contains large amounts of beta carotene (precursor of vitamin A) in its seeds. The human body converts beta carotene into vitamin A. Potrykus and Beyer utilized Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to genetically engineer rice plants (by inserting the following genes from daffodil and from the bacterium

Erwinia uredovora:

1.Phytoene synthase — from daffodil (narcissus) which converts geranylger- anyl-diphosphate into phytoene.

2.“CRTL” gene — from Erwinia uredovora, which codes for phytoene desaturase, which causes the rice plant to convert phytoene (a “light harvesting” carotenoid involved in photosynthesis) into lycopene (a carotenoid which is then utilized by the rice plant in the production of beta carotene).

3.Lycopene beta-cyclase — from daffodil, which converts lycopene into beta carotene.

The United Nations (UNICEF) estimates that 1 to 2 million deaths of children aged 1–4 years old could be prevented annually around the world, if they received a little more vitamin A daily in their diet (e.g., via such a rice). Some of the diseases caused by lack of vitamin A include: childhood blindness (estimated to afflict 350,000–500,000 children per year); coronary heart disease; certain cancers (cancer of the lungs, prostate, etc.); macular degeneration, a leading cause

of blindness in older people; and various childhood diseases which result in death (due to a weakened immune system).

Research indicates that, when commercialized in the future, “golden rice” will also contribute more iron (bioavailable) to the human diet. That will be due to inserted genes for ferritin (an iron-rich storage protein) and phytase. Because iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a major cause of maternal and childhood illnesses in developing countries, such a reduction in IDA via consumption

of this rice could confer major health benefits G to those countries’ populations. See also BIO-

TECHNOLOGY, BETA CAROTENE, VITAMIN, PHYTO-

CHEMICALS, NUTRACEUTICALS, CAROTENOIDS,

GENE, GENETIC ENGINEERING, BACTERIA, AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS, PHOTOSYNTHESIS,

LYCOPENE, CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD),

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA), PROTEIN,

PHYTASE, PATHWAY, METABOLIC PATHWAY, MET-

ABOLIC ENGINEERING.

A registered trademark now owned by the company Syngenta AG. See

also GOLDEN RICE.

Golgi Apparatus See GOLGI BODIES.

Golgi Bodies (also known as Golgi complexes) First described by Camillo Golgi in 1898, these are the primary “sorting centers” of cells, and the mechanism for glycosylation of (i.e., adding oligosaccharide and polysaccharide branches onto) proteins, before those proteins are then transported by transfer vesicles to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the plasma membrane. In plant cells, Golgi complexes are where complex polysaccharides are “sorted” and assembled in preparation for making the cell wall (located just outside the cell’s plasma membrane). Visually, a Golgi complex is a stack of flattened membranous sacs (usually 6 sacs in mammal cells and 20 sacs in plant cells). See also GLYCO-

SYLATION, CELL, OLIGOSACCHARIDES, POLYSAC-

CHARIDES, PROTEIN, LYSOSOME, VESICLES, PLASMA

MEMBRANE.

Golgi Complexes See GOLGI BODIES.

Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Studies (GLPNC) The Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) that is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for studies of the safety and toxicological effects

© 2002 by CRC Press LLC