8. Gerund

	Active	Passive
Форма Indefinite	Ving	Being V3
форма Perfect	Having V3	Having been V3

Признаки герундия. Перед герундием часто стоят:

1. притяжательное местоимение/существительное,

2. предлог,

3. отрицательное местоимение NO

4. глаголы начала-конца.

Правило перевода:

простая форма герундия (одно слово) может переводиться существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием, придаточным предложением. Сложные формы герундия (более одного слова) переводятся придаточным предложением.

Stop talking! – Прекратите болтать!

I don't like your reading. – Мне не нравится твое чтение.

I remember very well my sister's having taken hard her failure at the first exam. - Я помню, как моя сестра сильно переживала по поводу провала на первом экзамене.

1. Engineers do their best to save fuel by making generators efficient and they also keep searching for possible sources of energy to increase existing stocks.

2. By pumping ionized gas at high speed through magnetic field we can generate current in the gas.

3. The gas must be heated to over 2000 degrees C and this raises a problem of devising materials capable of withstanding such intense heat.

4. The most convenient material for achieving fusion is deuterium.

5. Scientists and technologists are hard at work trying to find ways of using deuterium in the laboratory.

6. No one developed a practical way of converting wind into power until the invention of the windmill.

7. Solar batteries have proved to be very useful in supplying current for rural telephone systems.

8. When fitted into satellite, solar batteries provide the power for sending radio signals back to the earth.

9. “We could start erecting a mile-high structure very soon”, the chief of the engineering firm said.

10. Concrete is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement and water in rotating drums.

11. The less water is used in mixing the concrete, the denser and stronger it is.

12. Spectacles were first made in the late 13th century; with the invention of printing their use became widespread.

13. Pyrex is widely used in baking dishes because it can withstand sharp temperature changes without cracking.

14. Two types of modern glass, triplex and toughened glass, are worth mentioning because they are vital to present day motoring and flying are both safety glasses.

15. A blind pedestrian can determine the signal indication by touching the cylinder with his hand to find out whether or not it is vibrating.

16. Big cars will be too expensive to operate for every day use. So instead of buying a big car and using it only a few weeks a year people may prefer to rent or lease one for special occasions.

17. Computers employing new technologies are capable of executing between 100 million and 200 million instructions per second.

18. If a unit should fail one of the tests, it is regularly subjected to, it can be quickly unplugged and replaced by a spare, with only a brief loss of operating time.

19. Previously, attempts were made to solve this problem by employing more men to serve as engine driver’s mates.

20. It’s no use trying to dissolve this substance in water.

21. We heard of his having been offered the post of the laboratory head.

22. Absence of necessary materials prevented us from completing the experiment in time.

23. In spite of the new equipment having been installed, they could not obtain good results.

24. You are not allowed to work in the chemical laboratory without having been instructed by the assistant in advance.

25. Scientists keep on working to create the starting materials for producing such substances.

26. Modern scientists study possibilities of using seawater.

27. The problem of making seawater usable is simply this: How can we imitate the purifying process of nature?

28. In spite of necessary results having been obtained the professor made the students repeat the experiment.

29. The system, named "Express" is used for booking train tickets.

30. The use of underground space in big cities is the way towards solving the transportation problem.

31. The complex scheme of utilizing underground space involves tunnels for cars under the central part of the city, duplicating the surface transportation network.

32. Computers have completely automated the work of fixing the ship’s exact position.

33. Good driving habits like moderate acceleration, anticipation of braking and traveling at modest speed can bring fuel savings of between 10 per cent and 15 per cent.

34. There still remained the most obvious way of crossing the ocean - by water.

35. Better traffic management in congested urban areas can increase average speed and reduce fuel consumption by replacing stop - start travel.

36. A computer, hooked up by TV camera eye and sophisticated flexible arm, can recognize blocks of different shapes, sizes and colors and assemble them into various figurations without being specifically instructed by human operator.

37. We heard of the experiment having been completed last week.

38. Engineers have succeeded in making production on more or less large scale.

39. In ancient times men supplemented their limited power by making use of slaves.

40. Technologists object to this material being used in construction.

41. I remember the post-graduate student having added some formulas to the paper.

42. The professor insisted on student’s checking up the obtained results once more.

43. The results of the experiment may depend on all substances having been properly mixed.

44. This reaction is impossible without compounds being heated up to the high temperatures.

45. Scientists were proud of having been awarded a high prize for developing new building materials capable of withstanding severe weather exposure without failing.

46. The young assistant was guilty of failing the experiment by heating the mixture too much.

47. The scientist thinks of repeating the attempt of developing new good building materials after not having obtained necessary results.

48. Nobody can assure of failing the experiment.

49. After having failed the experiment they accounted upon other materials being used next time.

50. We are responsible for keeping our environment healthy for future generations.