English_for_Transportation_Technology
.pdfExercise 2. Match a word in A with a definition in B.
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A |
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B |
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1 |
hazard |
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the standard is not recommended for use for new equipment, but is |
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retained to provide for the servicing of existing equipment that is |
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expected to have a long working life |
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2 |
current |
b |
the standard is no longer current |
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3 |
obsolescent |
c |
a situation that may give rise to personal injury or asset damage or both |
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4 |
withdrawn |
d |
the standard is being used now |
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5 |
harm |
e |
freedom from risk of injury or asset damage (loss) |
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6 |
safety |
f |
injury or damage |
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Translation and rendering
Exercise 1. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner’s to improve.
Good industry practice requires that process and plant modifications should not be undertaken without having undertaken a safety, engineering and technical review. This review should be traceable and identify changes proposed to the following factors: process conditions; operating methods; engineering methods; safety; environmental conditions; engineering hardware and design. A form of risk assessment should then identify what hazards have been created by the change that may affect plant or personnel safety, and what action can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risk. Additional hazards that may be introduced which need to be considered are fire, explosion and loss of containment. Changes may affect other parts of the plant which may be quite remote from the source of the change. Therefore, all parts of the plant should be considered in undertaking hazard identification and risk assessments. Factors that are crucial to the success and safe implementation of a plant modification procedure include corporate history; communication between different departments; recognition of authorised personnel.
http://www.hse.gov.uk
Exercise 2. Read the following passage, title it and render in English.
Эксплуатационная документация должна устанавливать требования, которые исключали бы создание опасных ситуаций при вводе в эксплуатацию и эксплуатации производственного оборудования. А также содержали бы требования, определяющие необходимость использования средств и методов защиты работающего.
Средства защиты должны выполнять свое назначение непрерывно в процессе функционирования производственного оборудования или при возникновении опасной ситуации. Конструкции и расположение средств защиты не должны ограничивать технологические возможности производственного оборудования и должны обеспечивать удобство его эксплуатации.
Специальные устройства, предупреждающие о безопасности должны быть выполнены и расположены так, чтобы их сигналы были хорошо различимы и слышны в производственной обстановке всеми лицами, которым угрожает опасность.
Части производственного оборудования, представляющие опасность, должны быть окрашены в сигнальные цвета и обозначены соответствующим знаком безопасности в соответствии с действующими стандартами.
http://www.docload.ru/Basesdoc/6/6933/index.htm
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Writing
Exercise 1. Study the accident form below and write the description of the accident.
When did it happen? |
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Date: |
21.05.20__ |
Time: |
10 a.m. |
Name of injured person |
Eugenie Agabian |
Address |
Resident of York |
Phone number |
0121121212 |
Age |
27 |
Female/Male |
Male |
Job title |
Technician |
Who was the injured person? |
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Employee |
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On training scheme |
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On work experience |
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Self-employed |
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Member of the public |
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Kind of accident |
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Contact with moving machinery |
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Hit by object |
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Hit be moving vehicle |
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Hit something fixed |
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Injured while handling, lifting, carrying |
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Slipped, tripped, fell |
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Trapped |
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Drowned |
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Exposed to harmful substances |
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Exposed to fire |
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Exposed to electricity |
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Other |
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Exercise 2. An Accident Investigation Inspector has produced a Health and Safety report following the Super Voyager train’s accident. When we give recommendations, we use Imperative forms. Find them in the passage below.
The following safety recommendations are made:
Facilitate actions necessary for development and implementation of positive train control systems that include collision avoidance, and require implementation of positive train control systems on main line tracks, establishing priority requirements for high-risk corridors such as those where commuter and intercity passenger railroads operate.
Include, in your operational (efficiency) testing program, specific signal tests designed to ensure that your train crews consistently follow uniform operating procedures when they encounter reduced visibility conditions en route.
Exercise 3. Write your own recommendations following the Eugenie Agabian’s accident (60–80 words).
Key words |
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accident |
несчастный случай; катастрофа; авария |
crucial factor |
ключевой/решающий фактор |
ergonomics |
эргономика (отрасль научной организации труда, |
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изучающая трудовые процессы и условия труда) |
explosion |
взрыв; взрывание |
failure |
авария, повреждение, отказ |
fatality |
смерть (от несчастного случая) |
fault |
авария, неисправность, повреждение |
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flammable substance |
легковоспламеняющееся вещество |
harm |
вред; ущерб |
hazard |
риск, опасность |
human factor |
человеческий фактор |
incompetence |
некомпетентность; неспособность |
injury |
вред, повреждение, порча, убыток, ущерб |
loss |
потеря, лишение; гибель; крушение |
maintenance procedure |
процедура ремонта |
mitigate |
уменьшать |
normative publication |
нормативный документ |
protective equipment |
защитное оборудование |
safety |
безопасность |
safety measures |
меры безопасности |
technical review |
технический обзор |
to eliminate the risk |
исключать риск |
toxic substance |
отравляющее вещество |
workplace |
производственное помещение; рабочее место |
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you.
1)I can use past tenses when I describe an accident.
2)I can use Imperative when I write safety recommendations.
3)My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.
4)I can use key words to discuss safety requirements in maintenance documentation with my colleagues.
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UNIT 12. CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS
Start up
Exercise 1. Look at the signs of some hazardous materials warning labels. How many classes of dangerous goods are there? Can you explain them? Which class is not in the list?
Class 1: Explosives |
Class 1.1: Explosives |
Class 1.5: Blasting Agents |
Class 2.1: Flammable Gas |
Class 2.2: Oxygen |
Class 2.3: Poisonous Gas |
Class 4.1: Flammable Solids Class 4.3: Dangerous when |
Class 5.1: OxidizingAgent |
Wet |
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Class 5.1: OxidizingAgent |
Class 6.1: Poison |
Class 7: Radioactive |
Class 8: Corrosive |
Class 9: Miscellaneous |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_goods
Exercise 2. Read the following passage about dangerous goods and say which scheme shows its logic better. Fill in the scheme chosen with the materials from the text.
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A
B
Hazardous Materials
Dangerous goods, also called hazardous materials or HazMat, are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations. Dangerous goods include materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic. Also included are physical conditions such as compressed gases and liquids or hot materials, including all goods containing such materials or chemicals, or may have other characteristics that render them hazardous in specific circumstances.
Dangerous goods are often indicated by diamond-shaped signage. The colours of each diamond in a way has reference to its hazard i.e.: Flammable = red because fire and heat are generally of red colour, Explosive = orange, because mixing red (flammable) with yellow (oxidising agent) creates orange. Non Flammable Non Toxic Gas = green, due to all compressed air vessels being this colour in France after World War II.
Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of dangerous goods. The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail has developed the Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail ("RID", part of the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail).
Dangerous goods are assigned to different classes ranging from 1 to 9. These types of goods can range from those which are highly dangerous (such as explosives, flammables and fuming acids) to everyday products such as paints, solvents and pesticides found in the home and at work.
Class 1 includes Explosive Dangerous Goods. Class 2 includes gases, which are compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure as detailed below. Some gases have subsidiary risk classes, poisonous or corrosive. Flammable liquids are included in Class 3 and Flammable Solids are in class 4. Class 5 includes oxidizing agents and organic peroxides. Class 6 is for Toxic and Infectious Substances, which are liable to cause death or serious injury to human health. Radioactive substances (class 7) comprise substances or a combination of substances,
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which emit ionizing radiation (uranium, plutonium). Corrosive substances (class 8) are substances that can dissolve organic tissue or severely corrode certain metals: acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) and alkalis (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide). Class 9 includes hazardous substances that do not fall into the other categories (asbestos, air-bag inflators, self-inflating life rafts, dry ice).
http://en.wikipedia.org
Vocabulary
Exercise 1. We use a number of special words when speaking about carriage of dangerous goods. Fill in the gaps in the text with the words given below.
a) classes |
b) consignors |
c) hazard |
d) carriage |
e) carriers |
f) dangerous goods |
g) regulations |
h) substances |
_____________ (1) are liquid or solid ____________ (2) and articles containing them, that have been tested and assessed against internationally-agreed criteria – a process called classification – and found to be potentially dangerous (hazardous) when carried. Dangerous goods are assigned to different _____________ (3) depending on their predominant
______________ (4). There are _______________ (5) to deal with the ______________ (6) of dangerous goods, the purpose of which is to protect everyone either directly involved (such as _____________ (7) or carriers (8), or who might become involved (such as members of the emergency services and public).
Exercise 2. There are several types of vehicle to transport dangerous goods by rail. Match a type of vehicle in A with its definition in B.
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A |
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B |
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1 |
bulk container |
a |
multimodal assemblies of cylinders, tubes and bundles of cylinders that |
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are interconnected by a manifold and assembled within a framework and |
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service equipment or structural equipment necessary for the |
transport of |
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gases in the cylinders and tubes |
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2 |
gas container |
b |
a receptacle for dangerous goods and service equipment or structural |
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equipment that enables the receptacle to |
transport the goods |
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3 |
tank |
c |
a container, with or without a liner or coating, that has a capacity of 1m3 |
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or more and is intended for the transport |
of solid dangerous |
goods that |
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are in direct contact with the container |
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Translation and rendering
Exercise 1. Read the following passage from Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Translate it into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner’s to improve.
Hazardous commodities generally remain contained during such accidents because of the attention given to crash proofing in the design of shipping containers and bulk rail cars. During an accident, the contents are removed from the damaged car by emergency response crews that represent the shipper*. Equipment maintainers repair the damage to the extent possible and put the car back on the track, if possible. However, the track under the derailed car may have been destroyed. If so, repair or replacement of track occurs next, using prefabricated sections and special techniques.
In some situations, loss of containment occurs and the contents of the car or shipping container spill onto the ground. If substances are shipped* in quantities sufficient to require
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placarding because of transportation laws, they are readily identifiable on shipping manifests*. However, highly hazardous substances that are shipped in smaller quantities than mandated for listing in a shipping manifest can escape identification and characterization for a considerable period. Containment at the site and collection of the spilled material are the responsibility of the shipper.
Railway personnel can be exposed to materials that remain in snow, soil or vegetation during rehabilitation efforts. The severity of exposure depends on the properties and quantity of the substance, the geometry of the site and weather conditions. The situation could also pose fire, explosion, reactivity and toxic hazards to humans, animals and the surrounding environment
U.S. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 2012.
*Vocabulary notes:
shipper – грузоотправитель
to ship – отправлять груз (различными видами транспорта) shipping manifest – грузовая декларация
Did you know?
“Commodity” is a good for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. “Goods” is merchandise when transported, esp. by rail (chiefly British).
Exercise 2. Read the passage below, title it and render in English.
Выбирая вид транспорта, надо учитывать, что каждый из них обладает своей спецификой и особенностями. Для железнодорожных перевозок:
1)наибольшая эффективность в использовании достигается при перевозках на расстояние более 200 км;
2)относительная дешевизна по отношению к автомобильным перевозкам доставки;
3)возможность доставки «до двери» за счет строительства подъездных путей к предприятиям;
4)способность перевозить самую широкую гамму различных грузов; независимость от климатических условий.
К генеральным грузам относятся штучные грузы; т.е. в упаковке и без нее, принимаемые к транспортировке по счету грузовых мест. Делятся по виду тары или упаковки на тароупаковочные грузы (в мешках, коробках, ящиках, бочках и т.д.). Грузы
вкрупных грузовых и транспортных единицах (пакетах, на поддонах, трейлерах, контейнерах, в ликтерах) и рутинные грузы без тары и упаковки (трубы, подвижная техника, металлоконструкции).
Разделяются по размерам на обычные, длинномерные (свыше трех м) и не габаритные; по массе – легковесные и тяжеловесные (масса свыше 5 тонн). Транспортные документы выписываются грузоперевозчиком в удостоверение того, что товар принят им к перевозке.
http://www.transinterlog.com/articles/82/
Key words |
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allergenic |
аллергенный |
asphyxiating |
вызывающий удушье |
biohazardous |
биологически опасный |
bulk container |
контейнер для насыпных грузов |
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chemical regulation |
правила перевозки химических веществ |
consignor |
грузоотправитель |
corrosive |
едкий; коррозийный |
dangerous goods |
опасные грузы |
emergency instruction |
инструкция о действиях в аварийной ситуации |
emergency service |
аварийная служба |
explosive |
взрывчатый, взрывоопасный |
flammable |
огнеопасный; легковоспламеняющийся |
hazardous material |
опасный, взрывчатый материал |
label |
ярлык, этикетка, наклейка |
liquid |
жидкость; жидкий |
loading |
погрузка |
oxidizing |
окисление; окисляющий |
pathogenic |
болезнетворный, патогенный |
radioactive |
радиоактивный |
regulation |
правила |
safety precautions |
меры безопасности |
solid |
твёрдый (а не жидкий или газообразный) |
spillage |
утечка |
substance |
вещество |
tank wagon |
вагон-цистерна |
toxic |
токсический, ядовитый |
unloading |
разгрузка |
warning label |
предупредительная этикетка |
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true about you.
1)I can use prepositions when I speak about the carriage of dangerous goods.
2)I can understand the classes of dangerous goods and most of abbreviations for regulations applying to the transport of dangerous goods mentioned in the unit.
3)My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.
4)I can use key words to discuss the carriage of dangerous goods with my colleagues.
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Appendix 1
Вводные фразы для написания эссе
Начало эссе – постановка проблемы. В первом абзаце (введении) необходимо сообщить читателю тему Вашего эссе, перефразировав ее, используя синонимы ключевых слов (показывая, что вы её осмыслили). Затем следует намекнуть читателю, какую позицию займете Вы. Используйте безличные или неопределенно-личные предложения, чтобы подчеркнуть свою объективность.
Many people think … but others do not agree.
Let us consider what the advantages and disadvantages of … are.
Let’s consider some pros and cons of it.
Let us start by considering the facts.
Let us start by considering pros and cons of it. It is generally agreed today that …
Многие люди думают, (что) ... , но другие не согласны.
Рассмотрим, каковы преимущества и недостатки ... .
Давайте рассмотрим некоторые плюсы и минусы (этого).
Начнем с рассмотрения фактов.
Начнем с рассмотрения плюсов и минусов (этого).
Сегодня общепризнано, что ... .
Следующие фразы можно использовать, если требуется рассмотреть аргументы «за» и «против». Не забывайте использовать слова-связки.
To begin with, … .
You can … .
Firstly, ... / Secondly, ... / Finally, ... .
One argument in support of ... .
The first thing that needs to be said is ... .
First and foremost … .
Начнем с того, что ... .
Вы можете (Можно) ... .
Во-первых, ... / Во-вторых, .../ Наконец, ... .
Один из аргументов в поддержку ... .
Первое, что нужно сказать, это то, что ... . (Прежде всего, следует сказать, что … .)
В первую очередь … .
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It is true that / clear that / noticeable that |
... ...Это правда, что / Ясно, что / Примечательно, что |
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... |
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One should note here that ... . |
Здесь следует отметить, что ... . |
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Another good thing about … is that … . |
Еще один положительный момент … заключается в |
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(том, что) |
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The second reason for ... . |
Вторая причина ... . |
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It is often saidt hat ... . |
Часто говорят, что ... . |
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It is undeniable that... |
Нельзя отрицать, что ... . |
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It is a well-known fact that ... . |
Хорошо известно, что ... . |
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For the great majority of people ... . |
Для подавляющего большинства людей ... . |
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We live in a world in which ... . |
Мы живем в мире, в котором ... . |
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A number of key issues arise from the statement. |
Это утверждение затрагивает ряд ключевых вопросов. |
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For instance, ... . |
Например, ... . |
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One of the most striking features of this problem is |
Один из самых поразительных аспектов этой |
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... . |
проблемы ... . |
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First of all, let us try to understand ... . |
Прежде всего, давайте попытаемся понять ... . |
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The public in general tend to believe that ... . Общественность в целом склонна полагать, что ... .
What is more, … .
Besides, … because it is … .
Doubtless, ... .
One cannot deny that ... .
It is (very) clear from these observations that ... .
Более того, ... .
Кроме того, ... потому что ... .
Несомненно, ... .
Нельзя отрицать, что ... .
Из этих наблюдений (абсолютно) ясно, что ... .
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... .On the other hand, we can observe that |
... .С другой стороны, мы можем наблюдать, что |
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The other side of the coin is, however, that ... . |
Однако, с другой стороны, ... . |
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Another way of looking at this question is to |
Чтобы взглянуть на эту проблему с другой стороны, |
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надо |
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One should, nevertheless, consider the problem |
Тем не менее, следует взглянуть на эту проблему с |
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from another angle. |
другой стороны. |
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One should, however, not forget that... . |
Тем не менее, не следует забывать, что ... . |
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If on the one hand it can be said that the same is... |
И если с одной стороны, можно сказать, что ... , то же |
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not true for ... . |
самое нельзя сказать о ... . |
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On the other hand, … . |
С другой стороны, ... . |
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Although … . |
Хотя ... . |
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Besides, … . |
Кроме того, ... . |
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Moreover, … . |
Более того, … . |
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Furthermore, one should not forget that ... . |
Кроме того, не следует забывать, что ... . |
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In addition to ... . |
Кроме (того, что) ... . |
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Nevertheless, one should accept that ... . |
Тем не менее, следует признать, что ... . |
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However, we also agree that ... . |
Однако, мы также согласны с тем, что ... . |
Подкрепить свою мысль можно мнением (неких абстрактных) экспертов.
Experts...
... believe that … .
... say that … .
... suggest that … .
... are convinced that … .
... point out that … .
... emphasize that … .
Эксперты ...
... считают, что … .
... говорят, что … .
... предполагают, что … .
... убеждены, что … .
... отмечают, что … .
... подчеркивают, что … .
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...According to some experts |
По мнению некоторых экспертов, ... . |
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Perhaps we should also point out the fact that |
Возможно, нам также следует отметить тот факт, что |
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... . |
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It would be unfair not to mention that fact that ... . |
Было бы несправедливо не упомянуть тот факт, что ... . |
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One must admit that ... . |
Надо признать, что ... . |
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We cannot ignore the fact that ... . |
Мы не можем игнорировать тот факт, что ... . |
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One cannot possibly accept the fact that ... . |
Трудно смириться с тем фактом, что ... . |
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From these facts, one may conclude that ... . |
Из этих фактов, можно сделать вывод (о том), что ... . |
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