- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
never – ніколи (заперечення) this year (цього року)
3.Make up questions.
Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
1.to read new English and Latin textbooks
2.to receive letters from foreign pen-friend
3.to make contracts with English and German firms
4.to be to Moscow
5.to receive students from France
6.to translate scientific papers.
4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
by five o’clock – до 5 години, by Saturday – до суботи,
by the 15-th of April – до 15 квітня, by the end of the year – до кінця року, by that time – до того часу,
before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
5. Give the interrogative and negative forms of the following sentences.
1.Preservation of nature has become a serious issue by the end of the 20-th century.
2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
3.Margaret has visited many beautiful countries.
4.All countries have passed laws requiring power stations to install filters that prevent the acid getting into the air.
6. Use the Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1.The children (do) their homework. Now they can go to the skatingrink.2.Alice (know) them for many years. 3.He (go) to Greece two years ago. 4.His wife is a designer.She (have) her own studio for six months. 5.I
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(not/see) Keith for a while. 6.We (be) friends since we were ay university
together. 7.He and his wife (live) next to me since their son, Tom, was
born. 8.The film star (give) a party which cost $10,000. 9.We (not/receive)
any letters from her lately. 10.He (fall asleep) at half past seven.11. We
(discuss) the terms of the summer session with our dean by the end of the
weeek.12. When we arrived at the cinema, the film already (begin).13. I
(buy) the book that the teacher (recommend).
7. Translate the sentences into English.
1.Ми вже закінчили свою роботу, коли він прийшов. 2.Вона сказала нам, що розмовляла з деканом стосовно практики. 3.Він купив новий годинник через те, що загубив свій старий. 4.Він переглядав журнали, які нам прислали наші американські . колеги5.Наш декан
проінформував нас про ,тещо він зафрахтував літак для нашого перельоту до Америки. 6.Він сказав мені, що купив подарунок і відіслав своїй подрузі. 7.Вона пригадала, що обіцяла батькам написати про свій приїзд до Лондона. 8.Ми пізно повернулися до гуртожитку, тому що були на концерті. 9.Анна розповіла нам, що вона подорожувала упродовж місяця, була в різних містах Росії і бачила багато цікавого. 10.Після того, як зайшло сонце, ми вирішили повернутися додому. 11.Я згадав про цю новину, коли вони вже пішли. 12.Наш куратор погодив терміни сесії до того, як ми зустрілися.
8. Make up sentences using conjunctions: which, that, those, who.
1.Our ancestors chopped down the forests, killed animals that lived there and invented machines and instruments .... polluted the water, the air and the soil.
2.For many centuries the people ... lived on our planet before us had been trying to make their life easier and more comfortable.
3.Huge industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land .... gives us bread, vegetables and fruit.
4.People die younger because of cancer, AIDS and other diseases .... are directly connected with the polluted environment they live in.
5.The government of Germany took very decisive and serious steps punishing ..... responsible for the pollution.
6.But such results can only be achieved if there is a government ....
seriously thinks of its people and of its country.
7.Some countries have passed laws requiring power stations to install filters ..... prevent the acid getting into the air.
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9. Fill in the gaps with words derived from the words in brackets.
There are many problems which 1)….. (threat) our natural environment. Acid rain, 2) ….. (globe) warming and air and water 3)….. (pollute) are among the most serious ones. There are several ways to help improve the situation. Firstly, we should encourage 4)……(recycle) because it is the 5)……(produce) of new materials which causes the most damage. We must learn to reuse things like plastic bags and glass jars. Secondly driving an environmentally-friendly car is also 6) ……. (help). Furthermore, joining an 7)…… (organise) which plants trees or cleans up beaches would be 8) ……(prove) that you are really 9)……(concern) about the environment. Lastly, supporting groups such as Greenpeace, which try to prevent many 10) ….. (environment) disasters, would help to ensure that our planet will be clean and safe for future generations.
11) (preserve )of nature has become a serious issue by the end of the 20-th century.
10. Read and translate the following sentences.
1.Global warming is thought by many to be the most serious global environmental issue facing our society.
2.The river Rhine in Germany was known to have been seriously polluted some years ago by industrial plants and sewage water.
3.The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of the living organism and also on the kind of the environment it lives in.
4.Many consider this classification to be quite decisive, and some propose these as stable borders for bioregional democracy initiatives.
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