6.Experiments

Index

¯ ratio, 246

555 timer, 299, 302, 305

AC, 145

AC coupling, oscilloscope, 188, 201 Active-high input, 349

Active-low input, 349 Alligator clip, 18 Alternating current, 145 Alternator, 163

Amp, 35

Ampere, 35 Ampli¯er circuit, 134

Ampli¯er impedance, 233 Ampli¯er, inverting, 236, 286 Ampli¯er, noninverting, 286 Ampli¯er, operational, 241 Amplitude, 177

Analog, 277, 317

Analog computer, 133, 143 Analog multimeter, 15 Antiresonance, 184

Astable multivibrator, 263, 299

Audio taper potentiometer, 86, 117, 154 Autoranging meter, 17

Banana plugs and jacks, 98 Battery, 18

Beta ratio, 246

Bias current, op-amp, 296 Binding posts, 98

Bounce, switch contact, 331, 339 Breadboard, 21

Calculus, 143, 293

Capacitor, decoupling, 191

Choke, 183

Choke, ¯lter, 215 Circuit, 28 Circuit, short, 31

Common-mode voltage, 256 Commonality, electrical, 23 Computer simulation, 76 Computer, analog, 133, 143 Constant-current diode, 252 Contact bounce, 331, 339 Continuity, 21

Continuity vs. commonality, 23 Current divider, 83

Current mirror, 252, 302 Current regulator, 246 Current, de¯nition, 35

DC, 59

Debouncing, switch, 340 Decoupling capacitor, 191 Derivative, calculus, 143, 293 Detector, null, 124 Di®erential ampli¯er, 256, 258 Di®erential pair, 256, 258

Di®erentiation, calculus, 143, 293 Digital, 277, 317

Digital multimeter, 15 Diode, 25

Diode equation, 247

Diode, constant-current, 252 Direct current, 59 Discontinuity, 28

Divider, current, 83 Divider, voltage, 70 Drift, calibration, 106 Duty cycle, 299

E, symbol for voltage, 43

363

364

E®ect, Seebeck, 109 Electrical continuity, 21 Electrical shock hazard, 25

Electrically common points, 23, 64 Electromagnetic induction, 56 Electromagnetism, 55

Equation, diode, 247

Experiment: 3-bit binary counter, 345 Experiment: 4-wire resistance measurement,

127

Experiment: 555 audio oscillator, 298 Experiment: 555 ramp generator, 301 Experiment: 7-segment display, 347 Experiment: AC power supply, 146 Experiment: Alternator, 163 Experiment: Ammeter usage, 34 Experiment: Audio detector, 154 Experiment: Audio oscillator, 262 Experiment: Basic gate function, 319 Experiment: BJT switch, 220 Experiment: Bridge recti¯er, 209

Experiment: Capacitor charging and discharging, 138

Experiment: Center-tap recti¯er, 204 Experiment: Class B audio ampli¯er, 308 Experiment: Common-emitter ampli¯er, 235 Experiment: Commutating diode, 194 Experiment: Current divider, 77 Experiment: Current mirror, 244 Experiment: Di®erential ampli¯er, 255 Experiment: Electromagnetic ¯eld sensor, AC,

159

Experiment: Electromagnetic induction, 56 Experiment: Electromagnetism, 54 Experiment: Electrostatic ¯eld sensor, AC,

161

Experiment: Half-wave recti¯er, 196 Experiment: High-impedance voltmeter, 288 Experiment: Integrator, 292

Experiment: JFET current regulator, 250 Experiment: Keyboard as signal generator,

175

Experiment: LED sequencer, 333 Experiment: Multi-stage ampli¯er, 240 Experiment: Multimeter, 112

INDEX

Experiment: NAND gate S-R enabled latch, 327

Experiment: NAND gate S-R °ip-°op, 329 Experiment: Noninverting ampli¯er, 285 Experiment: Nonlinear resistance, 44 Experiment: NOR gate S-R latch, 323 Experiment: Ohm's Law, 41

Experiment: Ohmmeter usage, 20 Experiment: Oscilloscope, PC, 178 Experiment: Parallel batteries, 63 Experiment: Phase shift, 169 Experiment: Potato battery, 136 Experiment: Potentiometer as rheostat, 92

Experiment: Potentiometer as voltage divider, 86

Experiment: Potentiometric voltmeter, 122 Experiment: Power dissipation, 47 Experiment: Precision potentiometer, 98 Experiment: Precision voltage follower, 281 Experiment: Pulsed-light sensor, 227 Experiment: PWM power controller, 304 Experiment: Rate-of-change indicator, 142 Experiment: Recti¯er/¯lter, 211 Experiment: Rheostat range limiting, 101 Experiment: Series batteries, 60 Experiment: Signal coupling, 186 Experiment: Simple circuit, 27 Experiment: Simple combination lock, 342 Experiment: Simple op-amp, 257 Experiment: Sound cancellation, 172 Experiment: Static electricity sensor, 225 Experiment: Switch in circuit, 52 Experiment: Tank circuit, 183 Experiment: Thermoelectricity, 108 Experiment: Transformer, homemade, 150

Experiment: Vacuum tube audio ampli¯er, 265 Experiment: Variable inductor, 152 Experiment: Voltage averager, 131 Experiment: Voltage comparator, 278 Experiment: Voltage detector, sensitive, 117 Experiment: Voltage divider, 67

Experiment: Voltage follower, 230 Experiment: Voltage regulator, 217 Experiment: Voltmeter usage, 15 Experiment: Waveform analysis, 181

INDEX

Feedback, 277, 282 Feedback, negative, 237 Field winding, alternator, 163 Filter, 213

Filter choke, 215

Floating input, de¯ned, 321, 339 Frequency, 177

Frequency domain, 182 Full-wave recti¯cation, 205 Function generator, 176 Fundamental frequency, 182 Fuse, 36

Fuse, slow-blow, 146

Generator, 18, 163 Generator, AC signal, 176

Half-wave recti¯cation, 197 Harmonics, 177

Hazard, electrical shock, 25 Headphone, 117

Heat sink, 212 Hysteresis, 324

I, symbol for current, 43 IC, 193, 277, 317 Illegal state, 324

Impedance matching, 120, 157 Impedance, ampli¯er, 233 Impedance, de¯nition, 120, 157 Induction, electromagnetic, 56 Integrated circuit, 193, 277, 317 Integration, calculus, 293 Interactive adjustment, 100 Invalid state, 324

Inverting ampli¯er, 236, 286

Joule's Law, 50

Jumper wire, 18

KCL, 83

Kirchho®'s Current Law, 83

Kirchho®'s Voltage Law, 70

KVL, 70

Latch-up, 291

Latched state, 324

365

LED, 18

Light-Emitting Diode, 18

Linear taper potentiometer, 86, 117, 154

Magnet wire, 54, 150

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, 120, 157 Megger, 128

Meter movement, 112 Meter overrange, 17 Metric pre¯x, 24, 37

Monostable multivibrator, 340 Motor, induction, 167

Motor, synchronous, 167 Movement, meter, 112 Multimeter, 15 Multivibrator, 263, 299

Multivibrator, monostable, 340

Negative feedback, 237

Noninverting ampli¯er, 286

Null detector, 124

Null-balance voltmeter, 124

Ohm, 21 Ohm's Law, 43

Ohm's Law, AC version, 170 Op-amp, 256, 258

Operational ampli¯er, 241, 256, 258, 277 Operational ampli¯er, programmable, 261 Oscilloscope, 179

Oscilloscope coupling, 188, 201 Overrange, meter, 17

Pair, di®erential, 256, 258 Parallel, 64, 104 Permeability, 153

Phase shift, 170 Photocell, 25 Polarity, 19, 30 Potentiometer, 86

Potentiometer as rheostat, 93 Potentiometer, linear vs. audio taper, 86 Potentiometric voltmeter, 124

Power supply, 145 Power, de¯nition, 50

Programmable op-amp, 261

366

Pulldown resistor, 338 Pulse-width modulation, 306 PWM power control, 306

R, symbol for resistance, 43 Race condition, 325

Rail voltage, 283 Recti¯cation, full-wave, 205 Recti¯cation, half-wave, 197 Rectifying diode, 25 Regulator, current, 246 Reluctance, magnetic, 151 Reset state, 324 Resistance, de¯nition, 21 Resistor color code, 23 Resistor, pulldown, 338 Resistor, shunt, 232 Resonance, 184

Resonant frequency, 184 Rheostat, 93

Ring-lug terminal, 164 Ripple voltage, 199, 213

Seebeck e®ect, 109 Semiconductor, 193 Series, 61, 103 Series-parallel, 66 Set state, 324 Shielding, 160, 162 Shock hazard, 25 Short circuit, 31 Shunt resistor, 232 Signal generator, 176

Simulation, computer, 76 Slip ring, alternator, 164 Soldering, 147

Span calibration, 104 SPICE, 76

Split phase, 210

Stator winding, alternator, 163 Strip, terminal, 33

Switch, 52

Switch debouncing, 340

Tank circuit, 184

Terminal strip, 33

INDEX

Terminal, ring lug, 164 Thermal runaway, 247, 252 Thermocouple, 109

Time constant, 140 Time domain, 182 Transformer, 117, 145 Transistor, 95

Transistor, junction ¯eld-e®ect, 226

Unit, ampere, 35

Unit, ohm, 21

Unit, volt, 17

Unit, watt, 50

Volt, 17

Voltage divider, 70

Voltage follower, 231, 258, 282

Voltage, common-mode, 256

Voltage, de¯nition, 17

Voltage, polarity, 19, 30

Voltage, ripple, 199, 213

Watt, 50

Wire, magnet, 54

Z, symbol for impedance, 120, 157 Zero calibration, 104