6. Types of translation equivalence.

Equivalence consists of the concept of sameness and similarity; it has the same or a similar effect or meaning in translation.  Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence—which is referred to as formal correspondence—and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence 'focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content', unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon 'the principle of equivalent effect'.  Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. They suggest that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. 

Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.  Roman Jakobson introduced the notion of 'equivalence in difference'. He suggests three kinds of translation: • Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase) • Interlingual (between two languages)  • Intersemiotic (between sign systems) Jakobson claims that, in the case of interlingual translation, the translator makes use of synonyms in order to get the ST message across. This means that in interlingual translations there is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, 'translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes'

7. Stages of translation, the basic principles of a translator’s strategy .

There are 2 stages of translation:

1.The stage of extracting information from the original. At this stage the translator should get information not only from the text, but also from the linguistics and situational context. The translator should decide, which content he will convey in translation.

2.The stage of choosing language units while creating the TT. Translation will differ from the original texts by the numerous usage of the structures analogical to the structures of SL, by a great number of borrowings and loans etc. As a result of numerous acts of translation in the TL there appears a certain subsystem of language means that closely corresponds to the system of language means of the certain SL and is constantly used by the translators in the process of translating from this language.

There exist some basic principles of a translator’s strategy:

1. “I translate only the thing that I understand” or “If 1 do not understand I do not translate .

*Exception: absurd texts should be translated by the absurd texts.

2. “to translate sense of the original, but not the form only”.

3. The third principle consists in the fact that the translator extract from the ST the most or the less important sense elements.

4. The meaning of the whole is more important than the meaning of the separate parts.

5. The translation should completely correspond to the norms of the TL.