метафора стилистика прагматика / PRAGMATIC STYLISTICS

Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics

Series Editors: Alan Davies and Keith Mitchell

Pragmatic Stylistics

Elizabeth Black

Edinburgh University Press

© Elizabeth Black, 2006

Edinburgh University Press Ltd

22 George Square, Edinburgh

Typeset in 10/12 Adobe Garamond

by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester, and printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 7486 2040 0 (hardback)

ISBN 0 7486 2041 9 (paperback)

The right of Elizabeth Black

to be identiÞed as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with

the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Contents

	Series EditorsÕ Preface	v
	Acknowledgements	vii
	Acronyms	viii
	Glossary	ix
	Introduction	1
1	Pragmatics and Stylistics	2
2	Pragmatic Theories	17
3	Signposts	36
4	Narrative Voices	53
5	Direct and Indirect Discourse	63
6	Politeness and Literary Discourse	72
7	Relevance and Echoic Discourse	80
8	Tropes and Parody	102
9	Symbolism	124
10	Psychonarration	137
11	Conclusion	150
	Bibliography	158
	General Index	163
	Index to Literary Authors and Works Cited	165

For my Mother, and in memory of my Father and daughter Julia, ÔMy priuy perle wythouten spotteÕ.

Series EditorsÕ Preface

This series of single-author volumes published by Edinburgh University Press takes a contemporary view of applied linguistics. The intention is to make provision for the wide range of interests in contemporary applied linguistics which are provided for at the MasterÕs level.

The expansion of MasterÕs postgraduate courses in recent years has had two e ects:

1.What began almost half a century ago as a wholly cross-disciplinary subject has found a measure of coherence so that now most training courses in Applied Linguistics have similar core content.

2.At the same time the range of specialisms has grown, as in any developing discipline. Training courses (and professional needs) vary in the extent to which these specialisms are included and taught.

Some volumes in the series will address the Þrst development noted above, while the others will explore the second. It is hoped that the series as a whole will provide students beginning postgraduate courses in Applied Linguistics, as well as language teachers and other professionals wishing to become acquainted with the subject, with a su cient introduction for them to develop their own thinking in applied linguistics and to build further into specialist areas of their own choosing.

The view taken of applied linguistics in the Edinburgh Textbooks in Applied Linguistics Series is that of a theorising approach to practical experience in the language professions, notably, but not exclusively, those concerned with language learning and teaching. It is concerned with the problems, the processes, the mechanisms and the purposes of language in use.

Like any other applied discipline, applied linguistics draws on theories from related disciplines with which it explores the professional experience of its practitioners and which in turn are themselves illuminated by that experience. This two-way relationship between theory and practice is what we mean by a theorising discipline.

The volumes in the series are all premised on this view of Applied Linguistics as a theorising discipline which is developing its own coherence. At the same time, in order to present as complete a contemporary view of applied linguistics as possible other approaches will occasionally be expressed.

vi Series EditorsÕ Preface

Each volume presents its authorÕs own view of the state of the art in his or her topic. Volumes will be similar in length and in format, and, as is usual in a textbook series, each will contain exercise material for use in class or in private study.

Alan Davies

W. Keith Mitchell

Acknowledgements

I owe much stimulus to successive generations of students on the M.Sc. in Applied Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. I am also very indebted to former Ph.D. students, particularly to Carol Chan, Alexandra Georgakopoulou, Anne Pankhurst, Sonia SÕhiri and Peter Tan whose interests were close to mine. I am grateful for the friendship, stimulus, entertainment and advice from former colleagues, particularly Tony Howatt, at the former Department of Applied Linguistics, and Hugh TrappesLomax of the Institute of Applied Language Studies. Finally to my husband, who has been exceptionally patient and tolerant. He spent many hours resolving problems that Microsoft might have spared me. For that, and for nearly forty years of tolerance, I am deeply grateful. Alan Davies and Keith Mitchell have proved very patient and helpful editors.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material previously published elsewhere. Every e ort has been made to trace the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Alice Thomas Ellis, The 27th Kingdom. Reprinted by permission of PFD on behalf of Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.

Alice Thomas Ellis, The Other Side of the Fire. Reprinted by permission of PFD on behalf of Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.

From ÔThe Snows of KilimanjaroÕ. Reprinted with permission of Scribner, an imprint of Simon and Schuster Adult Publishing Group, from The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. © 1936 by Ernest Hemingway. Copyright, renewed 1964 by Mary Hemingway.

D. H. Lawrence, ÔTickets, PleaseÕ from England, My England, and Other Stories.

Reproduced by permission of Pollinger Ltd. and the Estate of Frieda Lawrence Ravagli.

The Society of Authors as Literary Representative of the Estate of Virginia Woolf. I am unable to quote from James JoyceÕs texts, since permission was refused by his heirs. The books are available in libraries. I regret the inconvenience caused to

readers, should any wish to follow up the comments.

Acronyms

CP: the co-operative principle with four associated maxims: of quantity, quality, manner and relation

DD: direct discourse FDD: free direct discourse FDS: free direct speech FDT: free direct thought FID: free indirect discourse FIT: free indirect thought FIS: free indirect speech

FTA: face threatening act. Part of Politeness theory: an FTA can threaten positive face (desire to maintain a positive self-image) or negative face (desire not to be imposed upon)

ID: indirect discourse

IN: implied narrator. A bundle of features (knowledge, attitudes etc.) necessary to account for the text

IR: implied reader. One who has the necessary knowledge and background to understand a text fully

N: narrator. The voice that tells the story NRSA: narratorÕs report of speech act NRTA: narratorÕs report of thought act

Glossary

Code switching: shifting from one dialect or language to another. Deictic expressions: pointing words that link the situation and text.

Echoic discourse: any discourse where two voices are heard. It includes irony and FIT. See Chapters 7 and 8.

Heteroglossia: the combination of registers, jargons, sociolects, dialects in a natural language.

Hybrid discourse: the co-presence of two consciousnesses within a single bit of discourse (for example in FID).

Implicature: (conversational implicature). What is implied, but not stated: a hearer accesses an implicature to rescue the CP Ð when, taken literally, a statement does not satisfy it. Implicatures may be used for reasons of politeness, or to increase interest.

Intertext: the echo or quotation of other texts.