Perfect tense forms
Среди контекстных значений перфектных форм наиболее часто выделяют следующие:
предшествование
(особенно в формах Past Perfect)
They had left when I came.
2) завершенность действия
I’ve understood everything.
He informed her he had fallen out of love.
3) связь с определенным моментом (точкой отсчета) через результат действия.
I’ve filled in my application form. Here it is.
4) подведение итоговза определенный период времени вплоть до какого-то момента.
He has lived in India for two years.
He said he hadn’t had anything to eat since the day before.
5) сообщение о недавних происшествиях, память о которых еще достаточно свежа в данный момент.
There has been an accident. I’ve cut my finger!
|
Во всех случаях точное время совершения действия не важно. I’ve seen him this week. (I saw him on Monday.) или невозможно I’ve done my homework, I did it yesterday. Have you read “Hamlet”? – Yes, we read it at school. |
|
Одно и тоже действие можно описать по-разному при помощи разных видовременных форм. I’ve cut my finger. – How did it do it?! |
|
При выборе перфектной форме важна точка отсчета. Это может быть, на него не обязательно указывать особо, он подразумевается.
|
|
Точкой отсчета может являться момент речи I’ve understood everything. Have you done all the exercises?
или какой-то другой момент в прошлом или будущем. By the age of 5 he had learned to read.
Mom said she had bought a cake. |
1. Find the reference point. Underline the words which indicate it (by Monday, they complained, etc.).
1. They denied they had talked to him about that. 2. I’ve always paid my bills. 3. We’ll have sold everything within a week. 4. Mother had done the flat by the time I came home. 5. Few people have ever seen a falling star. 6. When we came from the theatre, everybody had already gone away. 7. Dr. Brown’s lectures have always attracted everybody’s attention. 8. By the time you come home, you’ll forget everything I’ve told you. 9. It has stopped raining and people are walking without umbrellas. 10. Debora is sunburnt. She has been lying in the sun for hours. 11. The students will have learned the results of the final test by the end of the week. 12. The postman gave me the parcel only after I had shown her my passport.
Present perfect
2. Match the tense form and the adverbial of time.
|
1. We left school |
just now |
|
2. The weather has changed for the worse |
just |
|
3. Ann and Jack married |
recently |
|
4. I’ve made a lot of mistakes |
not long ago |
|
5.I’ve fallen in love several times |
lately |
|
6. I watched the news. |
already |
|
7. Have you had breakfast? |
in the morning today |
|
8. I haven’t cheated anyone |
this morning |
|
9. Did you see the Dean? |
so far |
|
10. There have been no problems |
yet |
|
11. Have you understood the rule? |
since morning |
|
12. It thundered. |
by now |
|
13. How much money have you spent? |
last week |
|
14. I’ve been hungry. |
the last week |
|
15. We’ve passed two exams |
this week |