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.pdf5. Look at these sentences:
The tensile strength of copper is approximately three times that of zinc. Copper has a much higher tensile strength than zinc.
Now make similar sentences to compare the following:
a)Copper and aluminum with regard to their densities.
b)Zinc and oak with regard to their tensile strength.
c)Mild steel and aluminum with regard to their tensile strength.
d)Glass and concrete with regard to their densities.
e)Mild steel and copper with regard to their melting points.
Read this:
Oak is considerably heavier that pine, has a much higher tensile strength and costs 2 Ѕ times more per kilogram.
Now compare the following in a similar way:
a)glass and concrete
b)aluminum and mild steel
c)copper and zinc
d)pine and mild steel
6. Read and learn the dialog:
Instructor: Right. Today, I’d like you to answer some questions about the different types of components used in buildings. Now then, who can tell me the names of the three different types of components?
Student 1: Umm… I think they are units, compound units and tubes. Instructor: No, that’s not quite right – who can tell me which one of those three is not correct?
Student 2: Er… Well, a tube is only an example of sectional component. The three types of components are sections, units and compound units.
Instructor: Yes, that’s right. Now can you describe a section for me?
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Student 2: Yes, umm… A section is a component with a cross-section of a definite shape – for example I-shaped of square-shaped. Sections are made in long pieces and then cut to the required lengths.
Instructor: Good. Now who can describe a unit and a compound unit? Student 1: Umm… I know this. A unit is formed as a simple three-dimensional shape – such as, for example, a rectangular prism – whereas a compound unit is made from combinations of sections and units.
Instructor: Very good. Now to make this clear, could you describe an example of a compound unit please?
Student 1: Umm… Let me think. Well, a timber wall panel is made from solid rectangular-shaped sections and flat boards. The rectangular sections support the wooden boards and the boards act as space dividers. Because it is made from a combination of sectional components, it is an example of a compound unit.
Instructor: Yes. That’s very good. Thank you.
7. Discussion: Your ideas about the material.
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UNIT 2
TEXT A. RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
In technically developed countries the building industry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades building engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion, of the available labour force.
Building industry including residential (public) and industrial constructiones holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large scale. It is the largest single industry in the country. The problems of construction have grown into major, political issues in most countries.
Housing is prominent, among the factors affecting the level of living. The improvement of the housing represents a concrete and visible rise in the general level of living. In many countries residential construction has constituted at least 12 percent and frequently more than 25 per cent of all capital formation.
The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups – for residential houses and industrial buildings.
Present-day designs for residential constructions envisage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing, machines, etc. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.
Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing
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plants, mines, office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities exhibitions halls, etc.
Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. But in general they may be divided into classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend upon the types of buildings.
Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produce parts. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area.
1.Complete the sentences:
1.Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantage of… a) hot-water supply and panel heating
b) reinforced concrete arches, metal frame, glass walls and prefabricated parts.
c) all modern conveniences for a dwelling d) heating and ventilation systems
2.Industrial type of construction involves…
a)better built and equipped flats and houses.
b)theatres, cinemas, museums, etc.
c)factories, mines, office buildings, etc.
d)housing.
3. Present-day designs for residential construction envisage…
a)movement of machinery and persons.
b)application of metal frames and glass walls.
c)all modern conveniences.
d)windows as large as the wall area.
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2. Укажите, какие из данных предложений относятся к описанию жилых зданий и какие – к промышленным. Сгруппируйте предложения по этим темам.
1. In many countries residential construction has constituted at least 12 per cent of all capital formation. 2. The problem of housing has grown into a major, political issue in most countries. 3. Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. 4. Modern buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls. 5. The differing functions of industrial buildings require their own structural solutions and techniques. 6. Present-day designs for housing envisage all modern conveniences and sanitary fittings. 7. Buildings may be divided into two classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. 8. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area. 9. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.
3.Look and read:
When designing a building for a group of people, an architect considers
the maximum, minimum and average dimensions of their bodies. For each design situation shown below say which dimension an architect should base his calculations on:
Design situation: Dimension
Example: floor-to-ceiling height maximum height in the group (tallest person)
a) width of doorway |
… |
b) height of seat above floor |
… |
c) height of notices |
… |
d) length of seat surface from backrest to |
… |
front edge |
|
e) width of sink unit |
… |
15 |
|
4.Complete the paragraph:
When deciding on the floor-to-ceiling height of a building, an architect
should base his calculations on the tallest person in a group of people. The tallest person in our group us _____ mm. Therefore the floor-to-ceiling height of our building should be greater than ____ mm.
Explain the following facts:
a)The tables used in infant schools are lower than the ones used in universities.
b)More people can be carried on a train during rush hour in summer than in winter.
c)An African will be uncomfortable sitting in a chair designed for a Japanese.
d)The doorway height in Britain is usually 2 100 mm although some Britons are taller than 2 100 mm.
5.Look and read:
A room has three spatial dimensions: length, height and width. These
dimensions are measured in millimeters or metres. The volume of a room equals length times height times width. Volume is measured in cubic metres (m3). The area of a surface in the room is measured in square metres (m2).
Estimate the internal measurements of your classroom and make a table like this:
Name |
Dimension |
Quantity |
Unit |
|
|
|
Metre |
Classroom |
Width |
4 |
|
window |
area |
2 |
square metres |
etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now from your table sentences like the following:
The classroom has a width of approximately 4 metres.
The classroom is approximately 4 metres wide.
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The window has an area of approximately 2 square metres.
The window is approximately 2 square metres in area.
6.Translate the text with a dictionary:
The single-store structure consists of three frames which are made up of
steel stanchions and beams. The frames are placed between and walls and spaced at 3 meter centers. The stanchions carry the beams which support the roof. The roof beams cantilever a short distance beyond the stanchions. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet steel cladding which can then be placed outside the line of the stanchions.
The beams are bolted to steel stanchions caps which are welded to the top of each stanchion. The load on each beam is transmitted through these plates to the stanchions.
The upper face of the steel base plates and the ends of the stanchions are machined flat. The bottom of each stanchion is welded to a base plate which is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down bolts.
Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into the brick walls. These angles tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.
7.Translate the text without a dictionary:
When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meets the
client and discusses his requirements. After visiting the site, the architect draws up preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost, submits them to the client for his approval. If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design which shows the exact dimension of every part of the building. At this stage, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building. When they submit their tenders or prices, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one and helps him to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor.
Work now starts on the building. As construction proceeds, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the building is being constructed
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according to his plans and that the materials specified in the contract are being used. During the building period, the client pays the bills from the contractor. Subsequently, the contractor completes the building and the client occupies it. For six months after completion there is a period known as the ‘defects liability period’. During this period, the contractor must correct any defects that appear in the fabric of the building. Finally, when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes full possession of the building.
Now find a word or an expression in the passage which means:
a)to be given the job of designing a building
b)to offer to a client for his consideration
c)to combine into a whole
d)to offer to do some work at a certain price
e)to look at the building work in detail at regular intervals
f)named or described exactly
g)an interval of time after the building has been finished during which the contractor is responsible for correcting any faults in it
h)to have complete ownership of the building
8. Discussion: Your ideas about the material.
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UNIT 3
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
Cementations materials include the many products that are mixed with either water or some other liquid or both to form a cementing paste that may be formed or molded while plastic but will set into a rigid shape. When sand is added to the paste, mortar is formed. A combination of coarse and fine aggregate (sand) added to the paste forms concrete.
TYPES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
There are many varieties of cements and numerous ways of classification. One of the simplest classifications is by the chemical constituent that is responsible for the setting or hardening of the cement. On this basis, the silicate and aluminate cements, wherein the setting agents are calcium silicates and aluminates, constitute the most important group of modern cements. Included in this group are the portland, aluminous, and natural cements. Limes, wherein the hardening is due to the conversion of hydroxides to carbonates, were formerly widely used as the sole cementitious material, but their slow setting and hardening are not compatible with modern requirements. Hence, their principal function today is to plasticize the otherwise harsh cements and add resilience to mortars and stuccoes. Use of limes is beneficial in that their slow setting promotes healing, the recementing of hairline cracks. Another class of cements is composed of calcined gypsum and its related products. The gypsum cements are widely used in interior plaster and for fabrication of boards and blocks; but the solubility of gypsum prevents its use in construction exposed to any but extremely dry climates. Oxychloride cements constitute a class of specialty cements of unusual properties. Their cost prohibits their general use in competition with the cheaper cements; but for special uses, such as the production of spark proof floors, they cannot be equaled. Masonry cements or mortar cements are widely used because of their convenience. While they are, in general, mixtures of one of more of the above-mentioned cements with some admixtures, they deserve special consideration because of their economies. Other cementitious materials, such as polymers, fly ash, and silica fume, may
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be used as a cement replacement in concrete. Polymers are plastics with longchain molecules. Concretes made with them have many qualities much superior to those of ordinary concrete. Silica fume, also known as microsilica, is a waste product of electric-arc furnaces. The silica reacts with limes in concrete to form a cementitious material. A fume particle has a diameter only 1% of that of a cement particle.
Properties of cement.
All types of cement shrink during setting. In a normal concrete the amount of this shrinkage will depend both on the proportion of cement in the mix and the quantity of mixing water employed. Provided enough water is present to enable the chemical action of setting to take place, then the smaller t amount of water the less shrinkage there will be. The type of aggregate used has an appreciable effect upon both the amount of water and the amount off aggregate that can be mixed with given quantity of cement. Strength and durability of concrete are linked properties in that they are both associated with the low water-cement ration. In addition to the proportion of cement and the water cement ratio of a cement product, the method of curing will also affect the amount of shrinkage. Normally, the slower the drying the less shrinkage there will be. All cement products are able to a considerable shrinkage during setting and hardening.
PORTLAND CEMENTS
Portland cement, the most common of the modern cements, is made by carefully blending selected raw materials to produce a finished material meeting the requirements of ASTM C150 for one of eight specific cement types. Four major compounds and two minor compounds constitute the raw materials. The calcareous materials typically come from limestone, calcite, marl, or shale. The argillaceous materials are derived from clay, shale, and sand. The materials used for the manufacture of any specific cement are dependent on the manufacturing plant’s location and availability of raw materials. Portland cement can be made of a wide variety of industrial by-products. In the manufacture of cement, the raw materials are first mined and then ground to a powder before blending in predetermined proportions. The blend is fed into the
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