- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1.1 A Clockwork Orange: Meaning and Form in Context
- •1.3 Compound and Noun Phrase Ambiguities
- •1.6 Word Building 3: Tohono O'odham
- •1.7 Word Building 4: Tohono O'odham
- •1.9 Morphophonology 2: Turkish
- •1.10 Morphophonology 3: -ity Affixation (English)
- •2.1 Reverse Transcription
- •2.2 Transcription: Monosyllables
- •2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
- •2.6 Writing Systems: Japanese
- •3.1 Phonological Rules 1: English Past Tense
- •3.3 Phonological Rules 3: Tohono O'odham
- •3.4 Phonological Rules 4: Zoque
- •3.5 Phonological Rules 5: Japanese
- •3.6 Phonological Rules 6: Japanese
- •3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
- •3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
- •4 Syntax
- •4.2 English Syntax 2: Simple NPs, VPs, and PPs
- •4.4 English Syntax 4: Tree and Sentence Matching
- •4.5 English Syntax 5: Possessive NP with a PP
- •4.6 English Syntax 6: Verb-Particle versus Verb-PP Structure
- •4.7 English Syntax 7: S-Adverbs versus VP-Adverbs
- •4.8 English Syntax 8: Arguing for Syntactic Structure
- •4.10 Simple Sentences 2: Tamil
- •4.11 Simple Sentences 3: Tohono O'odham
- •4.12 Simple Sentences 4: Yaqui
- •4.13 Simple Sentences 5: Dyirbal
- •4.14 Simple Sentences 6: Japanese
- •4.15 Complex Sentences 1: Japanese
- •4.16 Complex Sentences 2: Modern Irish
- •4.17 Morphosyntax 1: Telugu
- •4.19 Morphosyntax 3: Classical Nahuatl (Aztec)
- •4.20 Morphosyntax 4: Merkin
- •4.22 Special Topic 2: Reflexive (English)
- •4.23 Special Topic 3: Reflexive (Russian)
- •4.24 Special Topic 4: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •4.25 Special Topic 5: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •5 Semantics
- •5.1 Compositional and Noncompositional Meanings
- •5.2 Ambiguous Words
- •5.4 Homophony and Polysemy
- •5.5 Evaluative and Emotive Meaning
- •5.6 Special Topic: Grammaticalization of Semantic Properties
- •6 Language Variation
- •6.1 Pronouns: English
- •6.2 British English
- •7.2 Indo-European to English 2
- •8.1 Identifying the Message
- •8.2 Communication Breakdown
- •8.3 Literal/Nonliteral Use
- •8.4 Indirectness
- •8.5 "Unclear Reference" of Pronouns: English
- •8.6 Performative Verbs versus Perlocutionary Verbs
- •8.7 Proverbs
- •8.8 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement: English
- •8.9 Major Moods 1: Finnish
- •8.10 Major Moods 2: Copala Trique
- •8.11 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
- •8.12 Pragmatics: Navajo
- •9 Psychology of Language
- •9.1 Speech Errors
- •1 How to State Phonological Rules
- •2 The Role of Distinctive Features in Phonological Rules
- •3 Transcription Key
- •4 Chart of Distinctive Features
- •5 Some Phrase Structure Rules for English
- •6 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
- •7 Major Moods
- •8 Index of Languages
- •Bibliography
7 Major Moods
Expressions of a language can be used to perform the following speech acts:
1.Questioning
2.Stating, promising, threatening, predicting
3.Requesting, commanding, ordering, pleading
Correlated with each type of speech act is a condition of satisfaction:
l. Questioning is correlated with an "answerhood condition."
2.Stating is correlated with a "truth condition."
3.Requesting is correlated with a "compliance condition."
Each speech act/satisfaction condition pair is in turn correlated with a form. The resulting triple is termed an instance of a particular mood:
1.Questioning is associated, directly, with the interrogative mood.
2.Stating is associated with the declarative mood.
3.Requesting is associated with the imperative mood.
The following are examples, in English, of the three major moods.
Interrogative mood
1. Will he leave?
The person who utters sentence 1 is performing a speech act of questioning, which requires the hearer to supply the speaker with the answer. That is, the answerhood condition is operative.
Declarative mood
2. John left the room.
Taken as a statement (i.e., as an instance of the speech act of stating), sentence 2 is either true or false. Truth or falsity is the relevant notion here-the truth condition is operative.
Imperative mood
3. Leave the room!
Taken as an order (i.e., as an instance of the speech act of ordering), sentence 3 involves compliance. The hearer is to do what the sentence describes (in this case, the speaker intends that the hearer leave the room). The compliance condition is operative.
For each language the speech actlsatisfaction condition/form pairing is different. That is, different languages choose different syntactic, morphological, and/or phonological (intonation) devices to signal the major moods.
ai
2 g
2
C
E
G
2
0N
0
This page intentionally left blank
8 Index of Languages
|
Language |
Principal area |
|
Language |
family |
where spoken |
Exercise |
Chinese |
Sino-Tibetan |
China |
|
Copala Trique |
Otomanguean |
Mexico |
|
Dyirbal |
Pama-Nyungan |
Australia |
|
Finnish |
Finno-Ugric |
Finland |
|
French |
Indo-European |
Europe |
|
German |
Indo-European |
Europe |
|
Irish |
Indo-European |
Ireland |
|
Japanese |
Japanese |
Japan |
|
Korean |
Korean |
Korea |
|
Nahuatl |
Uto-Aztecan |
Mexico |
|
Navajo |
Athabascan |
North America |
|
Russian |
Indo-European |
Russia |
|
Spanish |
Indo-European |
Spain, New World |
|
Swahili |
Niger-Congo |
Africa |
|
Tamil |
Dravidian |
India |
|
Telugu |
Dravidian |
India |
|
Tohono O'odham |
Uto-Aztecan |
North America |
|
Turkish |
Ural-Altaic |
Turkey |
|
Yaqui |
Uto-Aztecan |
North America |
|
Zoque |
Mixe-Zoque |
Mexico |
|
This page intentionally left blank