Ex.1. Answer the questions:

1. What does the term computer architecture mean? 2. What does it define at the system level? 3. What does computer architecture determine at the microprocessor level? 4. What is known as micro architecture? 5. What is the task of a computer architect? 6. What is fundamental to a computer system design? 7. How can computer speedup can be accomplished?

Ex.2.Match the right part with the left:

1. If all three dimensions of an interconnect wire are scaled down by the same scaling factor,.….	a…. technology scaling that allows increased circuit densities at higher clock frequencies
2 On the other hand, there are a number of major technical challenges in the deep submicron era, the most.. …….	b. ……the interconnect delay remains roughly unchanged, because the fringing field component of wire capacitance does not vary with feature size.
3. Computer speedup can be accomplished by constructing more capable processor units or by..…..	c…… important of which is that interconnect delay does not scale with the feature size.
4. Computer architecture has evolved. ….	d…… integrating many processors units on a die.
5. Much of the improvement in microprocessor performance has been a result of.. ….	e. …..greatly over the past decades

Keys:

Unit 1

Ex.1

1.It encompasses a wide range of topics including operating systems, computer architecture, computer networks, robotics, artificial intelligence, and computer-aided design. 

2. Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.

3. A GPU is a purpose-built device able to assist a CPU in performing complex rendering calculations.

4. Computer graphics is used for industrial, educational, medical and entertainment purposes.

5. They use CAD systems to design models of building, cars or entire environments.

6. Computer graphics.

7. A computer engineer can expect to be involved in hardware design, software creation, and systems integration.

Ex.2.1b 2c 3d 4e 5a

Unit 2.

Ex.1

1. The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.

2. There are two parts to every executing program: data and code.

3. Control statements have the sole purpose of regulating the flow of the program.

4. Operation statements are the lifeblood of a program.

5. A programming language acts as a translator between you and the computer.

6. A complete processor executes the following functions: input of the program, lexical analysis, syntactic and semantic analysis, optimization, code generation and execution of the program.

Ex.2 1e 2d 3b 4c 5a

Unit 3.

Ex.1.

1. Algorithmic language is a formal language intended for describing computational processes or, equivalently, for writing down algorithms to be executed by computers.

2. Problem-oriented algorithmic languages (high-level languages) are not related to any specific machine, and machine-oriented algorithmic languages (low-level languages) take the specific features of a given machine into account.

3. An algorithmic language is constructed over an alphabet of basic symbols in the form of a hierarchical system of grammatical elements.

4. A tree whose root is the initial notion, whose terminal vertices are lexemes and basic symbols, whose internal vertices are concepts and whose branches are constituent relations, is called a syntax tree of a program.

5.It’s a lexeme.

6. The attributes characterize the type of values calculated by executing the program, their representation and the way in which they are stored in the memory of the computer.

Ex.2 1b 2c 3d 4e 5a

Unit 4.

Ex. 1.

1. Object-oriented programming is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than logic.

2. One of the advantages of object oriented programming is that the process makes good use of modularity.

3. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data.

4. Designing computer programs with the approach of object oriented programming begins with defining the objects that are to be manipulated by the program.

5. Once the objects are identified, the programmer will begin to identify the relationship between each object.

6. You communicate with objects with well-defined interfaces called messages.

Ex.2. 1e 2a 3d 4 c 5 b

Unit 5

Ex.1

1. Computer programming language is any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer.

2. Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and operation.

3. The first generation of codes used to program a computer, was called machine language

4. Assembly language is always translated back into machine code by programs called assemblers.

5. high level language or HLL

6. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed knowledge of internal computer architecture

Ex 2. 1b 2a 3e 4c 5d

Unit 6

Ex 1.

1. It is the purpose of the software they write. 2. Application programming produces software that makes a computer's hardware generate something for the user, be it a spreadsheet or the graphics for a game.3.They have to be familiar with system calls, thread management, and input/output handling. 4…. in order to maximize an application's performance on a particular hardware configuration. 5. Languages such as Java®, Python™, or Ruby on Rails® are what programmers refer to as high level languages.

Ex.2. 1e 2c 3a 4b 5d

Unit 7

Ex.1

1.Software.

2. Creating software involves using the right programming language that will enable the hardware to work efficiently, thus achieving the goals that are assigned to it.

3. The following are the stages through which the software goes through: planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, maintenance.

4. Any errors and problems that may occur during the functioning of the software are immediately rectified, ensuring the quality of the software.

5. Software Development Life Cycles enable the software engineer, client, tester and consumer to configure in the right kind of software that is needed for a particular purpose.

6. The first generation of codes used to program a computer, was called machine language or machine code.

7. Reverse engineering is the process of taking a software program apart and analyzing it.

Ex2. 1c 2d 3e 4a 5b

Unit 8.

1. Programming is giving written instructions in a logical manner that the computer can understand.

2. Web Site Programming

3. Flickr, Gmail, and Google Maps.

4.HTML, XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, and XML.

5. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

6. 6. When you access your page with a browser, your web server will parse, or read through, your HTML page line by line and when it comes across a programming language, it will execute the code.

Ex.2. 1b 2c 3d 4e 5a

Unit 9

Ex.1.

1. Electronic circuit engineering is an area of science and technology that deals with problems of the design and study of circuits of electronic devices.

2. The principal tasks of electronic circuit engineering are the determination of the structures of electronic circuits that perform certain functions and the calculation of the parameters of the circuit elements.

3. Electronic devices may be made from discrete electronic and electrical elements—such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors—or from integrated circuits.

4. Developments in the field also force integrated circuit engineers to keep up with ongoing research and professional development opportunities in order to serve their employers most effectively.

5. The creation of a new integrated circuit require the joint efforts of micro circuitry specialists, physicists, production engineers, and designers and the use of integrated experimental and theoretical methods, including the computer simulation of the circuit and its operating conditions.

Ex 2. 1c 2e 3 b 4 a 5 c

Unit 10.

1. The term computer architecture means the structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct program for a machine.

2. At the system level, it defines the processor-level building blocks, such as processors and memories, and the interconnection among the building blocks.

3. At the microprocessor level, computer architecture determines the processor's programming model and its detailed implementation.

4.The implementation of a microprocessor is also known as micro architecture.

5. The task of a computer architect is to understand the state-of-the-art technologies at each design level and the changing design tradeoffs for their specific applications.

6.The tradeoff of cost, performance, and power consumption is fundamental to a computer system design.

7. Computer speedup can be accomplished by constructing more capable processor units or by integrating many processors units on a die.

Ex.2.

1 b 2c 3d 4e 5a