3 Write out other unknown words and word expressions and learn them.

4 Find Russian equivalents.

The liberalization of markets; customer needs; commercial flexibility; regional development banks; postal regulation.

5 Find English equivalents.

Исчезновение границ; развивающиеся страны; универсальная почтовая услуга; основательные изменения; конструктивный диалог; региональные банки развития.

6 Answer the questions.

1 What have these operators had to adapt to?

2 When has the world changed a great deal?

3 Did the Postal Development Action Group clear the way for constructive dialogue with the World Bank?

4 What does the work Postal Regulation present?

7 Give a summary of the text.

Lesson 8

1 Study the following words.

prerequisite	предпосылка
primary	основной, первичный
define	определять
mode	образ, способ
efficiency	эффективность
annually	ежегодно
estimated	предполагаемый, примерный
rigorous	строгий, суровый
postal item	почтовое отправление

2 Read and translate the text.

Setting technical standards

Standards are important prerequisites for effective postal operations and for interconnecting the global postal network. The primary aim of the technical stan­dards developed by the UPU is to define a uniform mode of communications between the different mail processing and tracking systems in order to ensure ef­ficiency and quality of service. To date, more than a hundred standards have been created, and the UPU is working closely with bodies such as the European Committee for Standardization, the International Or­ganization for Standardization, and the Internationa Post Corporation. Nearly 25 mil­lion bags and trays are tracked an­nually on the basis of messages and UPU standard codes while Posts track an estimated 40 million postal items in all cate­gories. As postal sector liberal­ization continues, rigorous tech­nical standards become increasingly important. The more postal operators there are, the more essential it becomes to standardize mail processing, tracking and transmission. It is therefore important that standards are applied worldwide by all postal sector stakeholders. Otherwise there would be chaos in delivering even a simple letter or parcel from one country to another

3 Write out other unknown words and word expressions and learn them.

4 Find Russian equivalents.

Quality of service; Working closely; Increasingly important; Mail transmission; Uniform mode of communications; Efficiency and quality of service; Postal sector stakeholders.

5 Find English equivalents.

Важные предпосылки; основная цель; системы обработки и транспортировки почты; ежегодно транспортируется; почтовые отправления всех категорий; либерализация почтового сектора.

6 Answer the questions.

1 What is the primary aim of the technical standards developed by the UPU?

2 Is the UPU working with the International Post Corporation?

3 How much bags and trays are annually tracked on the basis of messages?

4 It is important that standards are applied worldwide, isn^ t it?

5 How many standards have been created by the UPU?

7 Give a summary of the text.

Lesson 9

1 Study the following words.

to promote	продвигать, способствовать, содействовать
customer	покупатель
to encourage	одобрять, поощрять
requirement	требование, потребность
to strive	стараться, стремиться
exchange	обмен
to acquire	приобретать, получать
to transfer	переносить, перемещать, перевозить
to try	пытаться, стараться
to create	создавать
to ensure	обеспечивать, гарантировать
presence	присутствие
to satisfy	удовлетворять