- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Procedures, Assays, and Normal Values
- •Normal Cells of the Blood and Hematopoietic Organs
- •The Individual Cells of Hematopoiesis
- •Bone Marrow: Cell Composition and Principles of Analysis
- •Abnormalities of the White Cell Series
- •Predominance of Mononuclear Round to Oval Cells
- •Prevalence of Polynuclear (Segmented) Cells
- •Erythrocyte and Thrombocyte Abnormalities
- •Hypochromic Anemias
- •Normochromic Anemias
- •Hyperchromic Anemias
- •Erythrocyte Inclusions
- •Thrombocyte Abnormalities
- •Cytology of Organ Biopsies and Exudates
- •Lymph Node Cytology
- •Branchial Cysts and Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- •Cytology of Pleural Effusions and Ascites
- •Cytology of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- •Introduction to the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Hematopoietic System
- •Cell Systems
- •Principles of Regulation and Dysregulation in the Blood Cell Series and their Diagnostic Implications
- •Procedures, Assays, and Normal Values
- •Taking Blood Samples
- •Erythrocyte Count
- •Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Assay
- •Calculation of Erythrocyte Parameters
- •Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
- •Reticulocyte Count
- •Leukocyte Count
- •Thrombocyte Count
- •Significance of the Automated Blood Count
- •Bone Marrow Biopsy
- •Lymph Node Biopsy and Tumor Biopsy
- •Step-by-Step Diagnostic Sequence
- •The Individual Cells of Hematopoiesis
- •Eosinophilic Granulocytes (Eosinophils)
- •Basophilic Granulocytes (Basophils)
- •Monocytes
- •Lymphocytes (and Plasma Cells)
- •Megakaryocytes and Thrombocytes
- •Bone Marrow: Medullary Stroma Cells
- •Abnormalities of the White Cell Series
- •Predominance of Mononuclear Round to Oval Cells
- •Reactive Lymphocytosis
- •Relative Lymphocytosis Associated with Granulocytopenia (Neutropenia) and Agranulocytosis
- •Monocytosis
- •Acute Leukemias
- •Neutrophilia without Left Shift
- •Reactive Left Shift
- •Osteomyelosclerosis
- •Elevated Eosinophil and Basophil Counts
- •Clinically Relevant Classification Principle for Anemias: Mean Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Content (MCH)
- •Hypochromic Anemias
- •Iron Deficiency Anemia
- •Hypochromic Infectious or Toxic Anemia (Secondary Anemia)
- •Hypochromic Anemia with Hemolysis
- •Normochromic Anemias
- •Normochromic Hemolytic Anemias
- •Cytomorphological Anemias with Erythrocyte Anomalies
- •Bone Marrow Aplasia
- •Hyperchromic Anemias
- •Erythrocyte Inclusions
- •Hematological Diagnosis of Malaria
- •Thrombocyte Abnormalities
- •Thrombocytopenia
- •Lymph Node Cytology
- •Sarcoidosis and Tuberculosis
- •Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- •Metastases of Solid Tumors in Lymph Nodes or Subcutaneous Tissue
- •Branchial Cysts
- •Cytology of Pleural Effusions and Ascites
- •Cytology of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- •References
- •Index
vii
Contents
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Blood Cells: |
|
Methods and Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
Introduction to the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the |
|
Hematopoietic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Cell Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Principles of Regulation and Dysregulation in the Blood Cell |
|
Series and their Diagnostic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
7 |
Procedures, Assays, and Normal Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
Taking Blood Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
Erythrocyte Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Assay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Calculation of Erythrocyte Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
Reticulocyte Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
Leukocyte Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
14 |
Thrombocyte Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
Quantitative Normal Values and Distribution of Cellular Blood |
|
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
The Blood Smear and Its Interpretation (Differential Blood Count, |
|
DBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
17 |
Significance of the Automated Blood Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
19 |
Bone Marrow Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
Lymph Node Biopsy and Tumor Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
Step-by-Step Diagnostic Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
Normal Cells of the Blood and Hematopoietic Organs . |
29 |
The Individual Cells of Hematopoiesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
Immature Red Cell Precursors: Proerythroblasts and Basophilic |
|
Erythroblasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
Mature Red Blood Precursor Cells: Polychromatic and Ortho- |
|
chromatic Erythroblasts (Normoblasts) and Reticulocytes . . . . . . . |
32 |
Immature White Cell Precursors: Myeloblasts and Promyelo- |
|
cytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |