1. Give the summary of the text.

2. Find the equivalents of the following Russian words and phrases in the text.

Довольно-таки, намеренно, невостребованный, воспринимать, Вселенная, отступить в страхе, нащупывать, «Вот!», сидеть на корточках, уснувший, невысказанный, нутро, вспыхивать, поглаживающий.

3. Match the words and phrases with their equivalents

1. Privacy 2. forlorn 3. tiny 4. ecstasy 5. acutely 6. clearing 7. gingerly 8. adorable 9. cheeky 10. knowing 11. apprehensively 12. curve

a. крошечный b. восторг c. остро d. уединение e. одинокий f. поляна g. осмысление h. восхитительный i. бесстрашный j. нерешительно k. изгиб l. осторожно

4. Translate from English into Russian. Use the words and expressions from ex. 2, 3.

1) She gingerly touched this tiny cheeky creature.

2) The clearing looked adorable in the evening sunlight.

3) He squatted and stroke the cat.

4) He felt forlorn in front of the Cosmos which seemed quiescent for ever.

5) He draw back apprehensively and disgust darted in his bowels.

6) She took it fairly quietly.

7) She acutely felt that he had done it on purpose.

8) Without knowing he expressed his mute ecstasy to her and felt relief.

9) “There”, he said having felt the curve of his bow.

5. Translate from Russian into English. Use the words and expressions from ex. 2, 3 or their forms.

1) Он был слишком нерешителен и остро чувствовал, что его невысказанные сомнения очевидны всем.

2) Она восприняла ситуацию довольно-таки бесстрашно и не стала отступать.

3) Он нащупал крошечный пушистый комок и сказал: «Вот оно!»

4) Ее всегда охватывал восторг, когда она приходила на эту восхитительную поляну.

5) Способность чувствовать привязанность к кому-то, казалось, нарушит уединение, которое он так оберегал, но без этого он чувствовал себя одиноким и невостребованным.

6) Его уснувшая потребность в человеческом общении вспыхнула снова, хотя он еще не осознавал этого.

7) Он намеренно избегал контакта с бывшими друзьями, но осторожно наблюдал за ними.

6. Pay special attention to the translation of the words in bold in the text. Paraphrase, if necessary.

7. Make a literary translation of the text.

Commentaries

*seven kingdoms – Kingdoms into which Anglo-Saxon England is thought to have been divided from about the 7th to the 9th centuries AD: Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria

* keeper – forester

Семинар 7.

NEUROANATOMY

Neuroanatomy is the branch of anatomy that studies the anatomical organization of the nervous system. In vertebrate animals, the routes that the myriad nerves take from the brain to the rest of the body (or "periphery"), and the internal structure of the brain in particular, are both extremely elaborate. The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the brain has figured centrally in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or "lesions" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.

The human brain controls the central nervous system (CNS), by way of the cranial nerves and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity. Involuntary, or "lower," actions, such as heart rate, respiration, and digestion, are unconsciously governed by the brain, specifically through the autonomic nervous system. Complex, or "higher," mental activity, such as thought, reason, and abstraction, is consciously controlled.

Anatomically, the brain can be divided into three parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain; the forebrain includes the several lobes of the cerebral cortex that control higher functions, while the mid- and hindbrain are more involved with unconscious, autonomic functions. During encephalization*, human brain mass increased beyond that of other species relative to body mass. This process was especially pronounced in the neocortex, a section of the brain involved with language and consciousness. The neocortex accounts for about 76% of the mass of the human brain; with a neocortex much larger than other animals, humans enjoy unique mental capacities despite having a neuroarchitecture similar to that of more primitive species. Basic systems that alert humans to stimuli, sense events in the environment, and maintain homeostasis are similar to those of basic vertebrates. Human consciousness is founded upon the extended capacity of the modern neocortex, as well as the greatly developed structures of the brain stem.

The human brain is the source of the conscious, cognitive mind. The mind is the set of cognitive processes related to perception, interpretation, imagination, memories, and crucially language (cf. Broca's area) of which a person may or may not be aware. Beyond cognitive functions, the brain regulates autonomic processes related to essential body functions such as respiration and heartbeat. The brain controls all movement from lifting a pencil to building a superstructure.

Visual perception generally is processed in the occipital lobe, whereas the primary auditory cortex resides in the temporal lobe. Midbrain functions include routing, selecting, mapping, and cataloging information, including information perceived from the environment and information that is remembered and processed throughout the cerebral cortex. Endocrine functions housed in the midbrain play a leading role in modulating arousal of the cortex and of autonomic systems.

A description of the biological basis for consciousness so far eludes the best efforts of the current generation of researchers. But reasonable assumptions based on observable behaviors and on related internal responses have provided the basis for general classification of elements of consciousness and of likely neural regions associated with those elements. Researchers know people lose consciousness and regain it, they have identified partial losses of consciousness associated with particular neuropathologies and they know that certain conscious activities are impossible without particular neural structures.

NEUROANATOMY