Odessa region
Odessa region is situated in the south-east of Ukraine. It borders on Romania in the south, Moldova in the west, Vinnitsa and Kirovograd regions in the north and Nikolayev region in the east.
The region is the largest in Ukraine by its area (33.3 ths.km2).
The following are the peculiar features of Odessa region economy:
- powerful marine-based industry complex consists of 7 sea ports, dockyards and shipbuilding plants;
- powerful economic and industrial potential;.
- multi-industry agriculture;
- well-developed tourist, recreational, and resort infrastructure;
- encouraging investment climate: the region is included into the top five most investment attractive Ukraine's regions;
- considerable scientific-educational potential: there are 21 higher educational establishments, about 80 research institutes of different levels;
- rich cultural environment;
- multinational population: people of 133 nationalities reside in the region.
The main peculiarity of economic and geographical status of the region consists in its littoral and transboundary location. Exit to Azov and Black Sea basin and to the rivers Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and Don determine advantages of the region in development of transport infrastructure. Transport plays a leading role in the economy of the region.
Odessa, Ulyichevsk and Yuzhnyi ports are the largest Ukrainian ports at present.
Two special economic zones - Porto-Franco and Reni - operate on the territory of the region. Special taxation and customs regime, facilitating development of entrepreneurship, is introduced there. The main types of the entrepreneurial activities in the both zones are connected with servicing of transit transportation operations.
Odessa region is one of the most economically developed regions of Ukraine. Machine building, chemical and petrochemical industries, wood pulp and paper, food-processing and light industries are developed in the region
Types of Business Organizations
There are three major kinds of business organizations: the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation.
The sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one person. The main advantage of a sole proprietorship is that it is the easiest form of business to start and run.
The major disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is the unlimited liability that each proprietor faces. A second disadvantage of sole proprietorship is that it has limited financial resources.
A partnership is a business that is jointly owned by two or more people who have combined their talents and resources for the purpose of earning a profit.
Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government.
Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. The major disadvantage is unlimited financial liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business
A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals.
The major advantage is the ability to acquire greater financial resources than other forms of ownership. The next advantage is that the corporation attracts a large amount of capital and can invest it in plants, equipment and research.
Corporations face some major disadvantages. It is difficult and expensive to organize a corporation.
CAREER OF AN ECONOMIST.
Economists are concerned with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services and are interested in helping society to get as much satisfaction as possible from its limited resources.. They study the ways, which individuals and society choose to use limited resources such as natural resources, labour, factories and machines in an effort to satisfy unlimited wants of individuals and the society.
An economist has to play a vital role in modern life of any society. First, he has to make contribution in evaluating prospects in the economy generally and in particular industries. Economist collects, processes and analyzes data to determine the costs and benefits in using limited resources in various ways.
The data he collects and the forecasts he makes will determine to large extent, which options are to be taken and which investment flows are to be made within the overall system. It is logical that the economist who is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources should play an. essential role in discussing both the range of options and the pros and cons of such option.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Two measures are used to determine the success people have in finding employment, or work. The first is unemployment rate and the second is the employment rate.
The most popular measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is determined by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the total number of persons in the civilian labor force.
The employment rate is a measure of the people actually working as opposed to the number willing available to work.
Unemployment is the state of being out of work. There are: frictional unemployment, seasonal unemployment, structural unemployment, technological unemployment
Frictional unemployment is due in some friction (the imperfections of the labour market, such as the time lost between two jobs, lack of information). Suggested remedies are: more and better information, job-centers, placement agencies.
"Seasonal unemployment" is due to the seasonal pattern of work in some industries. Careful planning of work in the building industry and the encouragement of a second season in tourism may help to mitigate the problem.
11."Structural unemployment" is not due to any lack of jobs, but to a mismatch between the type and/or location of jobs offered and the qualifications and/or location of the job seekers.
12."Technological unemployment" results from the replacement of workers by labour-saving machines, computers, microprocessors, etc., or to use the appropriate economic jargon, from an increase in the capital-labour ratio.
Business trip
Business trips are just part of doing business. A company tries to choose only its best people to represent it. Trips can happen in or out of the country. And there are as many reasons to go on a business as there are places to go: to sign contracts, to discuss terms of delivery, payment or shipment, to have tests, to consult, to improve one’s professional skills, to provide support. Representatives of the companies involved usually make preliminary arrangements in order to meet. Whether a long-term or short-term trip, the itinerary must be carefully planned by the head of a department or another executive. After the trip, an employee is ordinarily expected to give a full financial accounting of the trip to his boss. Sightseeing, cultural events and just plain relaxing are a regular part of every business trip. And no businessman would dare forget to buy gifts for relatives, friends and colleagues while on a business trip to an interesting, new location. These trips are important because they contribute to the expansion of a company’s business relationships and help that company succeed in the competitive world market.
Business today is international in character, and business people often have to travel. On a business trip people might meet colleagues and business partners for the first time. Often, colleagues from different countries experience cultural difficulties, that is, they are surprised by strange, to them, social conventions in a new place. Different cultures do things differently! Management styles also differ from country to country. It’s often useful when doing business in a foreign land, to get some advice from a special agency which consults on questions of international business. These days business trips are very important because face to face meetings are more valuable to profitable business than any other type of strategy.