Химия дефектов - u124

11

we_dljhgghc ijh\h^bfhklvx [ k ^ujhqghc ijh\h^bfhklvx GZibrbl_ khhl \_lkl\mxsb_ mjZ\g_gby ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby b jZa\_jgmlu_ nhjfmeu PbS.

10.>ey kh_^bg_gby FO gZ jbk ij_^klZ\e_gZ aZ\bkbfhklv*-[DZdb_ k\_^_gby h g_kl_obhf_ljbb kh_^bg_gby fh`gh ihemqblv gZ hkgh\Zgbb wlh]h ]jZnbdZ"

11.Ijb ihemq_gbb CdZrO3 CdO [ue \ayl \ ba[uld_ KhklZ\vl_ jZa\_jgmlmx nhj fmem dhg_qgh]h ijh^mdlZ

12.Ribg_ev NiFe2O4 ihemq_gZ \ mkeh\byo ba[uldZ Fe2O3 ba hdkb^h\ NiO b Fe2O3 GZibrbl_ jZa\_jgmlmx nhjfmem dhg_qgh]h ijh^mdlZ

13.D qbkem ohjhrbo bhgguo ijh\h^gbdh\ hlghkblky Zexfh- f_^gZy ribg_ev KX$O2O4 Ijb __ ihemq_gbb bkoh^gZy kf_kv kh^_j`ZeZ g_wd\b\Ze_glgu_

dhebq_kl\Z&X2b $O2O3 ijb wlhf khklZ\ nZau fh`_l [ulv ij_^klZ\e_g nhj fmehc&X$O2+2/3xO4+x GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gb_ \oh`^_gby ba[uldZ h^gh]h ba hdkb ^h\ Z lZd`_ jZa\_jgmlmx nhjfmem nZau k bkihevah\Zgb_f kbkl_f Dj_]_jZ b JbaZ

14.Ij_^eh`bl_ ^\Z \ZjbZglZ jZa\_jgmlhc nhjfmeu ribg_eb khklZ\ dhlhjhc fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_g dZd Zn0,96Fe2,04O4 .

15.G_^hklZlhd `_e_aZ \ \xkpbl_ )HH dhfi_gkbjm_lky i_j_oh^hf qZklb )H2+ \ Fe3+ KhklZ\blv mjZ\g_gb_ ijhp_kkZ jZamihjy^hq_gby b jZa\_jgmlmx nhjfm em nZau

16.Hdkb^ f_^b I fh`_l bf_lv khklZ\ Cu1,85O - Cu2,2O Ijb dZdbo khklZ\Zo \ wlhc nZa_ fh`_l ijbkmlkl\h\Zlv bhg Cu2+ b dZdh\Z _]h fZdkbfZevgZy dhgp_g ljZpby"

17.Q_fm jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc \ TiO _keb>Ti3+] / [Ti2+]= 1:20 ?

18.DZdh\h hldehg_gb_ hl kl_obhf_ljbb ^ey nZau NiO kh^_j`Zs_c Zl bh gh\ Ni3+?

19.DZdb_ ^_n_dlu h[jZamxlky \ kljmdlmj_ hdkb^Z MnO1±y _keb ijb gbadbo ^Z\e_ gbyo dbkehjh^Z djbklZeeu wlhc nZau bf_xl n- Z ijb \ukhdbo - j-lbi ijh\h ^bfhklb"

12

§ L_jfh^bgZfbdZ lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\

K lhqdb aj_gby l_jfh^bgZfbdb djbklZee ij_^klZ\ey_l kbkl_fm \ dhlhjhc ijhbkoh^bl wg_j]_lbq_kdbc b fZl_jbZevguc h[f_g b k \g_rg_c kj_^hc b f_`^m jZaebqgufb ih^kbkl_fZfb djbklZeeZ < jZfdZo d\Zabobfbq_kdh]h ih^oh^Z \ dZ q_kl\_ lZdbo ih^kbkl_f fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv maeu b f_`^hmaeby lh]h beb bgh]h lbiZ < wlhf kemqZ_ ke_^m_l hi_jbjh\Zlv ihgylb_f obfbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ lh q_qguo ^_n_dlh\ djbklZeeZ l _ hp_gb\Zlv baf_g_gb_ k\h[h^ghc wg_j]bb kbkl_ fu ijb m\_ebq_gbb dhebq_kl\Z ^_n_dlh\ ^Zggh]h lbiZ gZ fhev \ mkeh\byo ih klhygkl\Z ^Z\e_gby l_fi_jZlmju dhebq_kl\Z ^jm]bo dhfihg_glh\ kbkl_fu

F_lh^u obfbq_kdhc l_jfh^bgZfbdb hdZau\Zxlky hkh[_ggh ieh^hl\hjgu fb _keb m^Z_lky gZclb nmgdpbhgZevgmx aZ\bkbfhklv f_`^m obfbq_kdbf ihl_g pbZehf b dhgp_gljZpb_c dhfihg_glZ ?keb ^_n_dlu jZkij_^_e_gu \ djbklZee_ oZhlbq_kdb μi = μ0i + kT ln xi ]^_[i - ^hey f_kl aZgyluo ^_n_dlZfb ^Zggh]h lb iZ ?keb dhgp_gljZpby ^_n_dlh\ ^hklZlhqgh \_ebdZ b g_evay ij_g_[j_qv bo \aZb fh^_ckl\b_f lh dZd b \ l_hjbb jZkl\hjh\ fh`gh ihevah\Zlvky ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h[ Zdlb\ghklb ^_n_dlZ Z lZd`_ bkihevah\Zlv fh^_evgu_ ij_^klZ\e_gby l_hjbb j_ ]meyjguo jZkl\hjh\ Zkkhpbbjh\Zgguo jZkl\hjh\ b l ^

Bkihevah\Zgb_ ihgylby obfbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv hibkZgby ijhp_kkh\ ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby gZ hkgh\_ aZdhgZ ^_ckl \mxsbo fZkk >_ckl\bl_evgh mkeh\b_ fbgbfmfZ wg_j]bb =b[[kZ ijb obfbq_ kdhf jZ\gh\_kbb ijb\h^bl d \ujZ`_gbx

∏ xiν = K (T)

]^_. 7- aZ\bkysZy hl l_fi_jZlmju dhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby d\Zabobfbq_kdhc j_ Zdpbb Ijb lZdhf ih^oh^_ g_h[oh^bfh agZgb_ dhgklZgl jZ\gh\_kby dhlhju_ fh`gh hp_gblv dZd l_hj_lbq_kdb lZd b gZ hkgh\_ wdki_jbf_glZ

<hagbdgh\_gb_ l_ieh\uo ^_n_dlh\- ijhp_kk \_jhylghklguc ihwlhfm hp_g dZ dhgnb]mjZpbhgghc wgljhibb k ihfhsvx nhjfmeu ;hevpfZgZ Sdhgn= k lnW

13

(W - l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdZy \_jhylghklv kbkl_fu iha\hey_l ihemqblv l_fi_jZlmj

gmx aZ\bkbfhklv jZ\gh\_kghc dhgp_gljZpbb ^_n_dlh\ lh]h beb bgh]h lbiZ

>ey jZamihjy^hq_gby ih Rhlldb fheyjgZy ^hey \ZdZgkbc[V jZ\gZ

xV = exp [ DSdhe / k] exp [ - DHV / kT ] ,

(2)

]^_ DHV - wglZeviby h[jZah\Zgby \ZdZgkbc DSdhe - dhe_[Zl_evgZy wgljhiby Ih ke_^gxx oZjZdl_jbklbdm fh`gh mijhs_ggh hij_^_eblv k ihfhsvx hlghr_gby qZklhl dhe_[Zgbc j_r_ldb b^_Zevgh]h n b ^_n_dlgh]h n¢) djbklZeeZ

DSdhe = k z ln n / n¢

(z - dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh j_r_ldb

>ey ^_n_dlh\ Nj_gd_ey l_fi_jZlmjgZy aZ\bkbfhklv jZ\gh\_kghc dhgp_g ljZpbb lZd`_ hij_^_ey_lky wglZevib_c ijhp_kkZ ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby DHF b aZ\b kbl hl baf_g_gby dhe_[Zl_evghc wgljhibb DSdhe ?keb 1- qbkeh maeh\ Z 1¢ -

qbkeh f_`^hmaebc djbklZeeZ lh dhebq_kl\h ^_n_dlh\ Nj_gd_eyQ

n= Ö N N¢ exp [ DSdhe / 2k] exp [ - DHF / 2kT ].

(3)

Ihkdhevdm baf_g_gb_ dhe_[Zl_evghc wgljhibb ijb h[jZah\Zgbb ^_n_dlh\

dZd ijZ\beh ^Z_l f_gvrbc \deZ^ \ \_ebqbgmQq_f khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ wglZevibb h[jZah\Zgby lh bo dhgp_gljZpby hij_^_ey_lky \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v \_ebqbghc DH.

LZd \ f_lZeeZo DSdhe khklZ\ey_l \_ebqbgm -N^ey ihemijh\h^gbdh\ b bhg guo djbklZeeh\ - ^hNIjb ihemq_gbb hp_ghqguo ^Zgguo hq_gv qZklh iheZ ]Zxl i_j\uc khfgh`bl_ev \ mjZ\g_gbyo jZ\guf _^bgbp_

<hijhku

1.Ihq_fm \ jZfdZo f_lh^Z Zlhfguo kljmdlmjguo we_f_glh\ f_lh^Z Dj_]_jZ ijboh^blky ihevah\Zlvky wnn_dlb\guf obfbq_kdbf ihl_gpbZehf ^_n_dlh\ zi?

Fh`gh eb hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv ^_n_dlu bklbgguf obfbq_kdbf ihl_gpbZehf ijb bkihevah\Zgbb kbkl_fu JbaZ"

14

2.Ijb gbadhc dhgp_gljZpbb ^_n_dlh\ ^ey ZgZebaZ jZ\gh\_kbc ihke_^gbo ijbf_ gy_lky aZdhg ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk K dZdbfb ljm^ghklyfb fh]ml [ulv k\yaZgu ihiuldb ijbf_g_gby wlh]h f_lh^Z d jZ\gh\_kbyf k [hevrbfb dhgp_gljZpbyfb ^_n_dlh\"

3.Fh`gh eb ijb l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdhf hibkZgbb ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby \ djbklZee_ \xkpblZ khklZ\Z Fe0,88O ijbf_gylv ijb[eb`_gb_ b^_Zevguo jZkl\hjh\"

4.Ihq_fm \ f_lZeeZo hkgh\guf \b^hf lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ \ khklhygbb l_ieh\h]h jZ\gh\_kby y\eyxlky \ZdZgkbb"< dZdbo djbklZeeZo dhgp_gljZpbb \ZdZgkbc b f_`^hma_evguo Zlhfh\ fh]ml [ulv khbaf_jbfu"

AZ^Zqb b mijZ`g_gby

1.Ijb[eb`_ggh hp_gbl_ wg_j]bx h[jZah\Zgby \ZdZgkbb \ =PD f_lZee_ _keb wdk i_jbf_glZevgh hij_^_e_ggZy jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc ijb 0K jZ\gZ .10-5 Zl ^

2.Ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ \[ebab lhqdb ieZ\e_gby jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc \ fZ]gbb jZ\gZ .10-4 Zl ^ Ijb[eb`_ggh hp_gbl_ jZ\gh\_kgmx dhgp_gljZ pbx \ZdZgkbc \ Mg ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_

3.Hp_gbl_ gZ kdhevdh ihjy^dh\ baf_gblky jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc \ ahehl_ ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju k ^h 0K _keb ijb 0K wlZ dhg p_gljZpby jZ\gZ .10-6 Zl ^

4.Ij_g_[j_]Zy dhe_[Zl_evghc wgljhib_c h[jZah\Zgby \ZdZgkbc hij_^_ebl_ bo jZ\gh\_kgmx dhgp_gljZpbx KV \ k_j_[j_ \ bgl_j\Ze_ l_fi_jZlmj - D k rZ]hf D Ihkljhcl_ ]jZnbd KV = f L

5.Hp_gbl_ k mq_lhf dhe_[Zl_evghc wgljhibb \gmlj_ggxx wg_j]bx h[mkeh\ e_ggmx gZebqb_f \ZdZgkbc \ fhe_ f_^b ijb b 0K _keb ^_ckl\m_l ^h ims_gb_ qlh \ZdZgkbb g_ \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl b HV g_ aZ\bkbl hl bo qbkeZ

6.JZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc \ =PD f_lZee_ ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlm j_ jZ\gZ -20 Zl ^ Ijb[eb`_ggh hp_gbl_ gZ kdhevdh ihjy^dh\ dhgp_gljZpby aZdZehqguo \ZdZgkbc ijb j_adhf hoeZ`^_gbb k 0K [m^_l [hevr_ jZ\gh\_k ghc bo dhgp_gljZpbb ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_

15

7.< f_^b aZdZe_gghc hl 0K kh^_j`blky .10-5 Zl \ZdZgkbc DZdmx l_f i_jZlmjm aZdZedb ke_^m_l \u[jZlv qlh[u dhgp_gljZpby \ZdZgkbc \hajhkeZ gZ

ihjy^dZ?

8.Hp_gbl_ kj_^gb_ jZkklhygby f_`^m jZ\gh\_kgufb \ZdZgkbyfb \ Zexfbgbb ijb 0K b f_`^m aZdZehqgufb \ZdZgkbyfb ijb lhc `_ l_fi_jZlmj_ ihke_ aZ dZedb k 0K ijb mkeh\bb qlh \k_ \ukhdhl_fi_jZlmjgu_ \ZdZgkbb ³aZfhjZ `b\Zxlky´ b jZkij_^_e_gu klZlbklbq_kdb jZ\ghf_jgh Al h[eZ^Z_l =PD j_ r_ldhc iZjZf_lj j_r_ldb a gf

§ JZ\gh\_kb_ lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ >bZ]jZffu ;jhmwjZ

< djbklZee_ l\_j^h]h \_s_kl\Z ij_^klZ\e_g p_euc ZgkZf[ev kh[kl\_gguo ^_n_dlh\ dZd we_dljhgguo lZd b lhq_qguo djhf_ lh]h \hafh`gh ijbkmlkl\b_ ihklhjhggbo ijbf_k_c Dhgp_gljZpby ex[h]h \b^Z ^_n_dlh\ hij_^_ey_lky

\g_rgbfb mkeh\byfb gh lZd`_ aZ\bkbl b hl ijbkmlkl\by ^jm]bo ^_n_dlh\ < aZ\bkbfhklb hl mkeh\bc ijb]hlh\e_gby beb h[jZ[hldb djbklZeeZ jZaebqZxl ihe gh_ b qZklbqgh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ ^_n_dlh\ \ djbklZee_

< ijhkluo \_s_kl\Zo dhgp_gljZpby g_cljZevguo ^_n_dlh\ g_ aZ\bkbl hl ijbkmlkl\by ^jm]bo \b^h\ ^_n_dlh\ \ lhf qbke_ b ijbf_kb Z hij_^_ey_lky ebrv l_fi_jZlmjhc < lh `_ \j_fy kh^_j`Zgb_ aZjy`_gguo ^_n_dlh\ g_ y\ey_lky ihklhygguf ijb nbdkbjh\Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ Z aZ\bkbl hl gZebqby ^_n_dlh\ ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h agZdZ >ey kh_^bg_gbc lhq_qgu_ ^_n_dlu fh]ml \hagbdZlv \ h[_bo ih^j_r_ldZo \ \b^_ dhf[bgZpbc - iZjguo ^_n_dlh\ k mq_lhf ijbgpbiZ khojZg_gby qbkeZ maeh\ Djhf_ lh]h jZ\gh\_kb_ \ ^\modhfihg_glghc kbkl_f_ ^b\ZjbZglgh b dhgp_gljZpby dZ`^h]h \b^Z ^_n_dlh\ hij_^_ey_lky g_ lhevdh l_fi_jZlmjhc gh b ^Z\e_gb_f iZjZ dhfihg_glh\

>ey \uqbke_gby dhgp_gljZpbc ^_n_dlh\ ijbkmlkl\mxsbo \ djbklZee_ ijb hij_^_e_gguo mkeh\byo bkihevamxl jZaebqgu_ ih^oh^u H^bg ba gZb[he__ qZk lh ijbf_gy_fuo jZa\bl Dj_]_jhf b hkgh\Zg gZ aZdhg_ ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk d\Zabobfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc < dZq_kl\_ ^hihegbl_evgh]h mkeh\by ijb wlhf

16

obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc < dZq_kl\_ ^hihegbl_evgh]h mkeh\by ijb wlhf bkihevam_lky mjZ\g_gb_ hljZ`Zxs__ we_dljhg_cljZevghklv djbklZeeZ

Ijb j_r_gbb keh`guo aZ^Zq ihe_aguf fh`_l hdZaZlvky ijb[eb`_gguc kihkh[ jZkq_lZ ba\_klguc dZd f_lh^ ;jhmwjZ < wlhf kemqZ_ ihegh_ mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljhg_cljZevghklb Ziijhdkbfbjmxl ^\mfy gZb[hevrbfb \ hij_^_e_gghf bg l_j\Ze_ l_fi_jZlmj beb ^Z\e_gbc qe_gZfb AgZqbl_evgh jZkrbjy_l \hafh`gh klb ijb[eb`_gby ;jhmwjZ bkihevah\Zgb_ ]jZnbq_kdbo f_lh^h\

<hijhku

1.Qlh lZdh_ ihegh_ b qZklbqgh_ \gmlj_gg__ jZ\gh\_kb_ ^_n_dlh\ \ djbklZee_"

DZdhc lbi jZ\gh\_kby gZ[ex^Z_lky \ djbklZee_ ihke_ aZdZedb"

2.<hafh`gh eb ijZdlbq_kdh_ hkms_kl\e_gb_ ihegh]h \gmlj_gg_]h jZ\gh\_kby ^_n_dlh\"Ihq_fm"

3.DZdb_ ijh[e_fu \hagbdZxl ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ k ihfhsvx wdki_jbf_glh\ ih aZdZed_"

4.JZkkfhljbl_ jZ\gh\_kb_ qbklh]h ijhklh]h \_s_kl\Z k kh[kl\_gguf iZjhf >h dZ`bl_ k ihfhsvx d\Zabobfbq_kdh]h ih^oh^Z qlh h^ghdhfihg_glgZy ^\mo nZagZy kbkl_fZ bf__l h^gm kl_i_gv k\h[h^u

5.< q_f kmsghklv f_lh^Z ;jhmwjZ"

6.DZdh\ Ze]hjblf ihkljh_gby ^bZ]jZff ;jhmwjZ"

7.DZdb_ ihemijh\h^gbdb gZau\Zxl kh[kl\_ggufb kh[kl\_ggh-^_n_dlgufb"

Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju

AZ^Zqb b mijZ`g_gby

1. GZibrbl_ d\Zabobfbq_kdb_ mjZ\g_gby ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby b mjZ\g_gb_ we_d ljhg_cljZevghklb djbklZeeZ :<2 _keb \ g_f hkms_kl\eyxlky ihfbfh we_d ljhggh-^ujhqgh]h ke_^mxsb_ ijhp_kku Zlhfgh]h jZamihjy^hq_gby

Z jZamihjy^hq_gb_ ih Rhlldb b ih Nj_gd_ex

[ jZamihjy^hq_gb_ ih Rhlldb b³Zglbnj_gd_e_\kdh_´

\ jZamihjy^hq_gb_ ih Rhlldb b Zglbkljmdlmjgh_

17

<h \k_o kemqZyo Zgbhggu_ \ZdZgkbb – h^ghaZjy^gu_ dZlbhggu_ - bhgbah\Zgu ^\Z`^u f_`^hma_evgu_ Zlhfu – g_cljZevgu_ Zglbkljmdlmjgu_ ^_n_dlu – ^\maZjy^gu_

2.JZkkqblZcl_ l_fi_jZlmjm i_j_oh^Z hl h^ghc h[eZklb ZiijhdkbfZpbb d ^jm]hc ^ey qbklh]h l_eemjZ E0 w< HV w< EA w<

3.Ihkljhcl_ ^bZ]jZffm ;jhmwjZ ^ey ijhklh]h ihemijh\h^gbdZ \ dhlhjhf h[jZ amxlky \ZdZgkbb h[eZ^Zxsb_ Zdp_ilhjgufb k\hckl\Zfb b g_cljZevgu_ f_` ^hma_evgu_ Zlhfu _keb ba\_klgu ke_^mxsb_ iZjZf_lju

Z	E0	w< Hi	w< HV	w< EA w<
[	E0	w< Hi	w< HV	w< EA w<
\	E0	w< Hi	w< HV	w< EA w<

4. Ihkljhcl_ ^bZ]jZffm ;jhmwjZ ^ey [_kijbf_kgh]h djbklZeeZ \ dhlhjhf h[jZ amxlky \ZdZgkbb h[eZ^Zxsb_ ^hghjgufb k\hckl\Zfb E0 w< HV

w< ED w< <u\_^bl_ \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey jZkq_lZ l_fi_jZlmju i_j_oh ^Z hl i_j\hc h[eZklb ZiijhdkbfZpbb dh \lhjhc

5.IheZ]Zy qlh D0 \ \ujZ`_gbyo dhgklZgl ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby g_\_ebdb kjZ\gb l_evgh k wdkihg_glhc jZkiheh`bl_ bf_xsb_ky \ djbklZee_ ^_n_dlu \ ihjy^ d_ m[u\Zxs_c dhgp_gljZpbb ijb gbadhc l_fi_jZlmj_ DjbklZee ijhklh]h \_

s_kl\Z - rbjhdhahgguc fZl_jbZe E0 w< kh[kl\_ggu_ \ZdZgkbb y\ey xlky Zdp_ilhjZfb HV w< EA w< e_]bjm_lky ^hghjghc ijbf_ kvx Hg w< ED w<

6. DjbklZee ijhklh]h \_s_kl\Z k rbjbghc aZij_s_gghc ahgu			E0 w< kh
^_j`Zsbc kh[kl\_ggu_ \ZdZgkbb - ^hghju	HV	w< ED	w< e_]b
jmxl Zdp_ilhjghc ijbf_kvx Hg w<	EA	w< GZclb h[eZklb Zi

ijhdkbfZpbb ijb bkihevah\Zgbb ijb[eb`_gby ;jhmwjZ Ijb\_klb \ujZ`_gby ^ey dhgp_gljZpbc aZjy`_gguo ^_n_dlh\ \ gbadhl_fi_jZlmjghc h[eZklb i_j \hc h[eZklb ZiijhdkbfZpbb

7.Ihkljhcl_ ^bZ]jZffm ;jhmwjZ ^ey ijhklh]h ihemijh\h^gbdZ kh^_j`Zs_]h ba kh[kl\_gguo Zlhfguo ^_n_dlh\ ebrv \ZdZgkbb-Zdp_ilhju b e_]bjh\Zggh]hba ]Zah\hc nZau ^hghjghc ijbf_kvx _keb ba\_klgu ke_^mxsb_ wg_j]_lb q_kdb_ iZjZf_lju ^_n_dlhh[jZah\Zgby

Z E0	w< HV w< EA w< ED w< HG w<
[ E0	w< HV w< EA w< ED w< HG w<

8.Ihkljhcl_ ^bZ]jZffm ;jhmwjZ ^ey djbklZeeZ ijhklh]h \_s_kl\Z baheylhjZ

kh^_j`Zs_]h ba kh[kl\_gguo Zlhfguo ^_n_dlh\ ebrv \ZdZgkbb-Zdp_ilhju b

18

e_]bjh\Zggh]h ba ]Zah\hc nZau ^hghjghc ijbf_kvx _keb ba\_klgu ke_

^mxsb_ wg_j]_lbq_kdb_ iZjZf_lju Z E0 w<	HV w<	EA = 0,2
w< ED w< HG w< [ E0 w< HV	w< EA	w<

ED w< HG w< <u\_^bl_ \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey jZkq_lZ l_fi_jZlmju ijb dhlhjhc i_j\Zy h[eZklv ZiijhdkbfZpbb f_gy_lky gZ \lhjmx

9. Kh_^bg_gb_ FO E0 w< gZoh^blky \ jZ\gh\_kbb k iZjhf dhfihg_glZ F < ih^j_r_ld_ F ijhbkoh^bl jZamihjy^hq_gb_ ih Nj_gd_ex HF w<

DZd mijhklblv mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljhg_cljZevghklb ijb jZaebqguo agZq_gbyo JF? Ihkljhcl_ ^bZ]jZffm ;jhmwjZ \ dhhj^bgZlZoOQ >L@ - ln PM ( i- lbi lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ Ihkljhcl_ aZ\bkbfhklv hldehg_gby hl kl_obhf_ljbb kh_^bg_gby FO hl ^Z\e_gby iZjZ dhfihg_glZ F ijb ihklhygghc l_fi_jZlmj_

10.DZdh\h q_j_^h\Zgb_ h[eZkl_c ZiijhdkbfZpbb ijb bkihevah\Zgbb f_lh^Z ;jhmwjZ Z ijb \oh`^_gbb Zdp_ilhjghc ijbf_kb \ ihemijh\h^gbdh\h_ kh _^bg_gb_ FO"[ ^hghjghc ijbf_kb - \ rbjhdhahgguc fZl_jbZe FO"DZdh\ f_oZgbaf \oh`^_gby ijbf_kb \ dZ`^hf kemqZ_"

11.Ihkljhblv ^bZ]jZffu ;jhmwjZ ko_fZlbqgh ^ey kemqZy \oh`^_gby Zdp_ilhj ghc ijbf_kb \ ihemijh\h^gbd FO b \ rbjhdhahgguc fZl_jbZe FO

§ E_]bjh\Zgb_ l\_j^hnZaguo fZl_jbZeh\

Ijb \\_^_gbb \ djbklZee bghjh^ghc ijbf_kb __ Zlhfu fh]ml aZgbfZlv j_

]meyjgu_ maeu djbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb nhjfbjmy l\_j^uc jZkl\hj aZf_s_

gby beb jZkiheZ]Zlvky \ f_`^hmaebyo h[jZamy l\_j^uc jZkl\hj \g_^j_gby <

aZ\bkbfhklb hl obfbq_kdhc ijbjh^u dhfihg_glh\ \ djbklZee_ j_Zebam_lky lhl

beb bghc lbi jZkl\hjZ >ey h[jZah\Zgby l\_j^h]h jZkl\hjZ \g_^j_gby hkgh\gh_

agZq_gb_ bf__l jZaf_jguc nZdlhj Ijb [ebahklb `_ Zlhfguo jZaf_jh\ b h^gh

lbighklb djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhd hkgh\gh]h \_s_kl\Z b ijbf_kb nhjfbjmxlky

l\_j^u_ jZkl\hju aZf_s_gby ijbq_f q_f [hevr_ hlebqZxlky ih k\h_c obfbq_

kdhc ijbjh^_ dhfihg_glu l_f f_gvr_ dhgp_gljZpbhgguc bgl_j\Ze kms_kl\h\Z

gby l\_j^hnZaghc jZkl\hjbfhklb

19

< aZ\bkbfhklb hl khhlghr_gby qbkeZ \Ze_glguo we_dljhgh\ hkgh\gh]h b ijbf_kgh]h Zlhfh\ jZaebqZxl bah\Ze_glgh_ b ]_l_jh\Ze_glgh_ we_dljhgghZd lb\gh_ e_]bjh\Zgb_ Ijb e_]bjh\Zgbb ]_l_jh\Ze_glghc ijbf_kvx ijbf_kgu_ p_glju fh]ml \uihegylv nmgdpbb ^hghjh\ beb Zdp_ilhjh\ \ebyy lZdbf h[jZ ahf gZ we_dljhnbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z fZl_jbZeZ Ihkdhevdm ijhp_kku bhgbaZpbb ^_n_dlh\ b ijbf_kb k\yaZgu mjZ\g_gb_f we_dljhg_cljZevghklb djbklZeeZ lh gZ ebqb_ ijbf_kb kdZau\Z_lky gZ \_ebqbg_ dhgp_gljZpbb lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ <\_ ^_gb_ ijbf_kb ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx dhgp_gljZpbb kh[kl\_gguo ^_n_dlh\ ijh lb\hiheh`gh]h agZdZ b d mf_gvr_gbx dhgp_gljZpbb ^_n_dlh\ lh]h `_ agZdZ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu kh[kl\_ggu_ ^_n_dlu lZd`_ \ebyxl gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv ijbf_kb

Z f_oZgbaf __ \oh`^_gby \ djbklZee hij_^_ey_lky ijhlb\hiheh`gh aZjy`_ggu fb kh[kl\_ggufb ^_n_dlZfb ^hfbgbjmxsbfb ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ \ qbk lhf g_e_]bjh\Zgghf djbklZee_ Ijb \\_^_gbb \ djbklZee ^\mo ihklhjhggbo ijbf_k_c ih\_^_gb_ fZl_jbZeZ hij_^_ey_lky ij_\Zebjmxs_c ijbf_kvx Ijb wlhf k jhklhf ^heb ^hfbgbjmxs_c ijbf_kb-^hghjZ m\_ebqb\Z_lky dhgp_gljZpby we_dljhgh\ b hljbpZl_evgh aZjy`_gguo lhq_qguo ^_n_dlh\ b gZh[hjhl Ijbf_kb hdZau\Zxl b \aZbfgh_ \ebygb_ ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z lZd m\_ebq_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbb Zd p_ilhjh\ klbfmebjm_l ijhp_kk bhgbaZpbb ^hghjh\ Z e_]bjh\Zgb_ ijbf_kvx-

^hghjhf \_^_l d jhklm dhgp_gljZpbb Zdp_ilhjh\

Ijb nhjfbjh\Zgbb l\_j^h]h jZkl\hjZ aZf_s_gby \ djbklZeeZo kh_^bg_gbc Zlhfu ijbf_kb jZkiheZ]Zxlky \ ih^j_r_ld_ lh]h dhfihg_glZ dhlhjuc [eb`_ bf ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ ?keb `_ jZaghklv hlghkbl_evghc we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb dhf ihg_glh\ kh_^bg_gby g_\_ebdZ lh hkgh\guf ijb \u[hj_ f_klhiheh`_gby ijbf_ kb y\ey_lky jZaf_jguc nZdlhj Hq_\b^gh qlh \\_^_gb_ we_dljhgghZdlb\guo ]_ l_jh\Ze_glguo ijbf_k_c \hafh`gh ebrv ijb mkeh\bb dhfi_gkZpbb bo aZjy^h\ - eb[h iml_f baf_g_gby qbkeZ k\h[h^guo ghkbl_e_c eb[h aZ kq_l kh[kl\_gguo aZ jy`_gguo ^_n_dlh\ ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h agZdZ GZijbf_j ijb e_]bjh\Zgbb oeh jb^Z k_j_[jZ KG&O2 \\_^_gb_ ijbf_kb \e_q_l aZ kh[hc lZdmx jZamihjy^hq_g ghklv ijb dhlhjhc h[jZamxlky lhq_qgu_ ^_n_dlu k ijhlb\hiheh`guf agZdhf

20

CdCl2 ↔ Cd∙Ag + V′Ag + 2Cl×Cl

( → 2 AgCl )

LZdhc kihkh[ e_]bjh\Zgby gZau\Z_lky f_lh^hf dhgljhebjm_fuo Zlhfguo ^_n_dlh\ D:> ihkdhevdm dhebq_kl\h \\_^_gghc ijbf_kb hij_^_ey_l mjh\_gv ^_n_dlghklb djbklZeeZ

Ihkdhevdm \ kh_^bg_gbyo \ hlebqb_ hl ijhkluo \_s_kl\ dhgp_gljZpby b ijbjh^Z kh[kl\_gguo ^_n_dlh\ aZ\bkbl g_ lhevdh hl l_fi_jZlmju gh b hl iZjpb Zevguo ^Z\e_gbc iZjZ dhfihg_glh\ \h \g_rg_c nZa_ lh b oZjZdl_j dhfi_gkZpbb aZjy^Z ijbf_kb [m^_l hij_^_eylvky mkeh\byfb \\_^_gby ijbf_kb \ djbklZee >ey g_kl_obhf_ljbq_kdbo nZa \hafh`gh baf_g_gb_ f_oZgbafZ e_]bjh\Zgby \ mkeh \byo ih\ur_ggh]h beb ihgb`_ggh]h ih kjZ\g_gbx kh kl_obhf_ljbq_kdbf ^Z\ e_gby iZjZ GZijbf_j ba\_kl_g wnn_dl dhgljhebjm_fhc \Ze_glghklb e_]bjh \Zgb_ \xkpblZ Zdp_ilhjghc ijbf_kvx ijb \ukhdhf ^Z\e_gbb dbkehjh^Z khijh \h`^Z_lky h[jZah\Zgb_f ^ujhd dhlhju_ nhjfbjmxl dhfie_dku k j_]meyjgufb maeZfb j_r_ldb qlh wd\b\Ze_glgh baf_g_gbx kl_i_gb hdbke_gby `_e_aZ k

gZ 3:

Na2O + 1/2 O2(g) ↔ 2 Na′Fe + 2 O×O + 2 h∙

( → 2 FeO )

Fe×Fe + h∙ → Fe∙Fe

a^_kv)H×Fe wd\b\Ze_glgh)H2+ Z)H∙Fe - Fe3+ Kmffbjmy wlb ^\Z ijhp_kkZ ihem

qbf

Na2O + 3/2 O2(g) ↔ 2 Na′Fe + 4 O×O + 2 Fe∙Fe

( → 4 FeO )

Ih^h[guc kihkh[ e_]bjh\Zgby gZau\Zxl f_lh^hf dhgljhebjm_fuo we_d ljhgguo ^_n_dlh\ DW> >_ckl\bl_evgh \ dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zs_c Zlfhkn_j_ \xkpbl y\ey_lky ijh\h^gbdhf j-lbiZ gh fZdkbfZevgZy dhgp_gljZpby iheh`b l_evguo aZjy^h\ h]jZgbq_gZ dhgp_gljZpb_c \ZdZgkbc - jZamihjy^hq_gb_f nZau

?keb `_ dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv iheh`bl_evguc aZjy^ bhgh\ )H3+ Zdp_ilhjghc ijbf_