Английский

Ceramic turbine engine

4. The gas turbine has been considered a challenger to the internal combustion engine in cars. Auto engineers say that one way to make it competitive is to make it out of ceramics, which would permit higher turbine operating temperatures and therefore greater efficiency and fuel savings. Such a turbine would also be cheaper.

5. Arthur F. McLean of the Ford Motor Co. sees Silicon carbide and Silicon nitride as prime candidates. Although these dense, low-cost materials show great heat and corrosion resistance, one drawback is that they can be brittle. This problem can be overcome, says McLean, by unique design to support ceramic components with metal housing.

Слова и пояснения к тексту.

bearing – подшипник

challenger – посылающий вызов; оспаривающий что-либо housing – корпус, кожух

VI. Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на следующий вопрос: What is the drawback of the ceramic turbine engine?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 3

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1.Не told mе that he had never been to doctors.

2.The Houses of Parliament are situated in Westminster.

3.These new materials will be used during this unique operation.

4.Before the experience the substances are mixed in a large cup.

II. Переведите письменно на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.It is the gravitation that makes the satellites move round the Earth.

2.It is important for an engineer to know a foreign language.

3.One never knows what he can do.

III. Переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.We had to walk home because the last bus had gone.

2.She has a good map of London.

3.Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they arе too expensive.

4.You are to write your name at the top of the paper.

21

IV.Письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The news you told us about are very important.

2.The flowers you grow are very beautiful.

V. Переведите письменно следующие предложения, обращая внимание на

функцию инфинитива

1.They went there to help you.

2.He was the last to leave the room.

3.To know a foreign language well you must learn many words.

4.The child wanted to be taken seriously.

VI. Переведите письменно следующий текст

TECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE MOTOCAR

1. There are numerous types of motorcars. It is impossible to describe their particular construction in detail. But the Classification into groups with respect to their general construction may be undertaken. These are motorcars with carburetor engines and motorcars with diesel engines.

2. Every motorcar has the following components: engine, power train, chassis and body.

Engine

3.The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In general, internal combustion engines are used operating with some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classified as carburetor engines and diesel engines,

4.Sometimes, the carburetor engines are called light-oil engines and the diesel engines are called heavy-oil engines. Another difference results from the working method of the internal-combustion engine. A difference is made between four-stroke cycle engines and two-stroke cycle engines.

5.The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cylinder block with the top portion of the crankcase to which the cylinder heads and the bottom portion of the crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bearings houses the crank-drive assembly, comprising the pistons, the wrist-pins, the connecting rods and the crank-shaft. Besides, the valves, valve-operating mechanism with camshaft, control gears and valve tappets, ignition system, carburetor, water pump, fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump are parts of the engine.

6.Arrangement and number of cylinders in the engine are decisive for its external shape. There are motorcar engines with two, three, four, six. eight, twelve and more cylinders arranged in various forms to each other. In most cases they are arranged in one block (cylinder block).

Слова и пояснения к тексту crankcase – картер коленчатого вала

22

wrist-pin – цапфа connecting rod – шатун crankshaft – коленчатый вал

camshaft– распределительный вал

valve tappet– толкатель клапана, кулачок

VI. Прочитайте первый абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

What is the classification of motorcars into groups?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3 ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Предложения письменно переведите.

1.Не has been shown her photo.

2.The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.

3.The papers have been sent this week.

4.This Instrument is preferred to all others because of its reliability.

II. Переведетеписьменно на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.It were Marconi and Popov who invented the radio.

2.One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

3.The territory of Perm is larger than that of Saint-Petersburg.

III. Переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.This plant does not produce trucks.

2.Our laboratory is to test the new apparatus.

3.We shall have five exams this term.

4.You will have to work at this problem for days and weeks if von want to get better results.

IV. Переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The house he lives in is situated on the bank of the river.

2.I know he is quite right.

V. Переведите письменно следующие предложения, обращая внимание на

функцию инфинитива

1. We are glad to take part in your expedition.

2. Our task is to introduce this new method of work at the factory.

23

3.The article to be published next month is very important for our understanding of this phenomenon.

4.To move along their orbit sputniks do not need any additional energy.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста

FORTY-YEAR ICE AGE

1.Danish scientists have discovered that the earth's climate regularly swings between warn and cold periods and that this "climatic clock" is almost entirely driven by changes in the sum.

2.They confidently say that there exist cold periods that last for 40 years. Remember, for example, the "little ice ages" of the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the Thames often froze over in winter. We were experiencing such a period in the second half of the twentieth Century. Now the climate is slowly thawing out and by 2010 temperatures will be back to about the level of the 1960s.

3.After that there will be another plunge into a cold age. No one now living is likely to experience a return to the warm summers and winters typical of the first half of this century, when the climate was in one of its warm periods.

4.Climatologists have made similar forecasts before, but the Danish prediction is more remarkable. It is based on a detailed and unbroken record of the past climate spanning probably 100,000 years. This is а 4,700 ft rod of ice dug up from the entire thickness of the North Greenland ice sheet by United States Army engineers.

5.Concentrations of oxygen isotopes at different depths in the ice are a key to the temperature at the time when the ice was laid down as snow. The scientists discovered that there exists a fairly regular series of cold and warm swings. They also found that the main factors producing die swings are four slow rhythms in the sun's activity.

6.Two of them are very slow changes, taking 2,400 and 400 years to complete one oscillation. No one knows what causes them. The other two are faster, taking only 181 and 78 years, and are probably tied up with variations in the length of the sunspot cycle, which is normally 11 years.

7.As these rhythms wax and wane on the sun, they alter the power of the sun's heat and light and so produce the complex ups and downs of the earth's slow climatic variations.

8.Events on earth – especially the screens of dust thrown up by major volcanic eruptions - can distort the regular tickings of the climatic clock. But the Danish analysis has shown that they do so only very slightly.

9.The Danish prediction of a cold period deliberately ignores any effects that man may make on the climate by polluting the atmosphere with dust or carbon dioxide, because man's impact on the climate is insignificant compared with the gigantic powers of the atmosphere and sun.

24

Слова и пояснения к тексту

thaw out – оттаивать, согреваться; становиться теплее plunge - ныряние, погружение

unbroken record – непобитый рекорд; здесь – беспрецедентная (-ый) запись,отчет

spanning – промежуток времени ft(foot) – фут;

feet – футы,

ice rod– столбик (проба) 1льда

North Greenland - Северная Гренландия

sheet – пространство; простыня; ice sheet - ледяной щит chart – схема, таблица, диаграмма

swing – качание, колебание; сдвиг

sunspot cycle – цикл изменения солнечных пятен oscillation – колебание, качание

wax – прибывать(увеличиваться) wane – убывать, уменьшаться ups and downs – спады и подъемы eruption – извержение

ticking – тиканье (часов) :

VI. Прочитайте 7-й, 8-й и 9й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопрос: What causes the earth's climatic variations?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive).

Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

Условные предложения.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (к упр. I)
1. Millions of Russian people are	Отмечают, что	миллионы
recorded to have taken part in	россиян приняли	участие в
elections	выборах.

25

2. We want the new car to be produced by February

3. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand

Мы хотим, чтобы новый

автомобиль был выпущен к февралю.

Прибор, который нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding

2. Having visited Paris the participants of the conference went to London.

Страны, желающие сотрудничать с нами, всегда найдут должное понимание.

Посетив Париж, участники конференции поехали в Лондон.

3. New technological processes	Когда были разработаны
having been developed, new types of	новые технологические процессы,
equipment have been installed in the	в цехе было установлено новое
shop	оборудование.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. III)

1.If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater.

2.If the system had been perfected,

we should have applied it for new calculations.

3.It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys.

Если установка будет пущена вовремя, экономический эффект возрастет.

Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ёё для новых расчетов.

Было бы невозможно построить корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4 ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Переведите письменно следующие предложения с субъектным и объектным инфинитивными оборотами.

1.The discovery shows the atomic nucleus to be a vast source of energy.

2.This school is considered to be the best in the town.

3.These materials were said to be carefully tested in the Institute's laboratory.

26

II. Переведите письменно предложения с независимым и зависимым причастными оборотами.

1.Having developed speed of 90 km, he got into an automobile accident.

2.He works at a plant producing new machinery.

3.The goods having been loaded, the dockers left the port.

III. Переведите письменно условные предложения.

1.If the scientists found the ways to predict earthquakes, it would be possible to evacuate people from the dangerous regions.

2.If you approach the town from the west, you will see a tall Stack of chemical works.

3.If they had met with such difficulties before, they would have known what to do now.

IV. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст.

THE CONQUEST OF CHOMOLUNGMA

1.Chomolungma is known to be the highest point of land in the world. Since die end of the nineteenth Century many attempts had been made to conquer it. But it was only in 1953 that two members of the British expedition headed by Colonel J. Hunt succeeded in reaching the top.

2.The first men to have done so were Hillary and Tenzing. Before this successful climb, there had been ten other expeditions whose aim was to examine the mountain and to find а route.

3.Naturally, climbing at a great height can hardly be considered easy. However, it is neither snow nor ice, that are the greatest enemies. One of the serious difficulties that the climber meets with is a shortage of oxygen in the air, not to mention the climate to which one has to adapt oneself.

4.In early March 1953 the expedition arrived at the Capital of Nepal from which Chomolungma is 150 miles away. As there were no good roads, the journey had to be made on foot. A large number of porters were needed to саrrу the expedition's supplies and equipment.

5.To secure a safe ascent a number of camps and bases were set up all along the way to the top.

6.The climbers were reported to have been Walking up for sixteen days when at last they saw Chomolungma in front of them. But to reach the summit they had to pass a river of ice moving slowly along the valley. This was a regular wall of broken ice almost inaccessible for climbing.

7.Being too tired to continue their way the courageous mountaineers stopped and set up the last camp so that the next morning they could complete their ascent. It was at this place that Hillary and Tenzing especially felt the thinness of the air. So during the night they were said to have been helped by a little oxygen which restored their strength.

8.At dawn they started off notwithstanding pain, tiredness and great cold. Higher and higher the two men climbed, roped together Each step forward

27

needed a great effort of body and mind. They were seen to be moving step by step towards the glittering peak. Slow but sure. Sure of success in harnessing nature. At midday they stood on the summit of the great mountain. It was a victory won by hard effort of man and science.

Слова и пояснения к тексту

Chomolungma – Джомолунгма

not to mention the climate – не говоря уже о климате ascent – восхождение

notwithstanding – Несмотря на

slow but sure – медленно, но уверенно

V. Перечитайте первый абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

Who were the first men to succeed in reaching the top of Chomolungma?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4 ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения с субъектным и объектным инфинитивными оборотами.

1.She considers mу friend to be the best teacher at our school.

2.The Moscow underground is said to be the finest in the world.

3.These methods are supposed to be widely used in the near future.

II. Переведите письменно предложения с независимым и зависимым

причастными оборотами

1.They stayed at home refusing to go with us.

2.A site for the bridge having been chosen, the work began.

3.The engineer carrying out the research was invited to take part in the conference.

III. Переведите письменно условные предложения

1.You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.

2.If he had known the subject better, he wouldn't have failed in his exam.

3.It would be impossible to operate the motor properly without good knowledge of its design.

IV. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст.

AUTOMOBILE REPAIR

1.The purpose of automobile repair is to recover and maintain the serviceability of automotive fleet, to correct troubles and remove faults or defects that occurred in actual service or were detected in the course of routine maintenance inspection

2.The repair work involves the replacement of faulty or worn-out units, assemblies, and parts by their serviceable counterparts taken from-repair parts

28

stock, and also the necessary dismantling, assembly, adjustment, fitting, machining, welding, electrical-engineering and other operations.

3.The system of maintenance and repair adopted for automotive fleet in this country is considered to very effective. It includes scheduled preventive maintenance and major units assembly replacement.

4.Repairs are done when the need arises as a result of some trouble or fault and also according to a maintenance plan, at definite intervals in terms of kilometers operated or running hours (preventive maintenance).

5.It is recommended that the preventive maintenance system should primarily be applied to townand intercity service: buses, taxi-cabs, ambulances, fire-fighter trucks, and gasoline trucks, which must meet fairly stringent requirements as to the read safety and failure-frее performance. This system should also be used where automobiles operate under similar conditions and so it is easy to establish the time between repairs of individual units and parts with a view to preventing en-route troubles and the associated down time.

6.The scheduled preventive maintenance and repair system provides for a timely removal of the causes of incipient troubles and cuts down the consumption of the sparе parts and the scope of repair work. With this system, use can be made of advanced methods of reconditioning harts, and the time out due to the repairs can be decreased, which makes it possible to improve the efficiency of automotive fleet.

Слова и пояснения к тексту

part – деталь stock – запас

as to – что касается en-route – по дороге, в пути

downtime – простой (автомобиля)

\incipient – начальный, начинающийся to recondition – восстанавливать time-out – перерыв

V.Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос

What cuts down the consumption of the spare parts and the scope of repair work?

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4 ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Переведите письменно следующие предложения с субъектным и объектным инфинитивными оборотами:

1. Many types of engines are reported to have been produced at the plant during the last decade.

29

2.We want this automobile to be repaired in time.

3.This experiment happened to be very important for our understanding of the phenomenon.

II. Переведите письменно предложения с независимым и зависимым причастными оборотами:

1.The data mentioned in this report were soon published.

2.Having refused to continue this research the scientist was quite right.

3.The population of the city increasing, the authorities have to pay more attention to water supply.

III. Переведите письменно условные предложения:

1.If the workers had been more careful they wouldn' t break the new machine-tool.

2.If the driver knew the reason of the trouble he would repair the engine

himself.

3.It would be impossible to supply them with all the necessary equipment without our institute's help.

IV. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст. NEW TYPE OF POLYWATER

1. Australian scientists have announced the discovery of a new type of polywater - а substance which as American scientist has claimed could destroy all life on earth. Two Sydney physicists, J. Middlehurst and L. R. Fisher, announced that they discovered the new type of polywater by accident.

2.Ten times as viscous as normal water and about 40 per cent heavier, polywater was discovered in 1962 by a Russian scientist.

3.Polywater has the same chemical composition as ordinary water but its properties are entirely different. Its molecules are linked in a long chain changing its physical properties readily, like plastic.

4.Russian researchers in 1962 said it kept its properties to about 1,000° F. and well below freezing point.

5.Despite widespread scepticism that such a man-made substance really existed, laboratories in the United States and England repotted they had prepared small samples of the substance.

6.This led to a warning from Dr. Frank Donahoe, s of Wilkes College, that polywater could destroy all life on earth. He claimed that if it got loose and combined with normal water, the earth would become a hot, dead world like Venus.

7.British scientists discounted Dr. Donahoe's warning and said that only a few millionths of a cubic centimeter of polywater existed and all evidence pointed against it being dangerous.

8.The original type of polywater was formed by condensing vapor inside extremely fine capillary tubes of silica (silicon dioxide), the hydrogen atoms in the water linking with oxygen atoms on the surface of the silica

30