- •Министерство Финансов Российской Федерации
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •(Протокол № )
- •Предисловие.
- •Unit 1. What are taxes?
- •What are taxes?
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar Revision
- •Unit 2. Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the English equivlents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 3. A history of taxation.
- •A history of taxation.
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the answers to the following questions.
- •In the text find the English equivalents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 4. The tax history of great britain.
- •The tax history of great britain.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 5. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •Colonial Times
- •The Post Revolutionary Era
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 6. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •World War I and 1920’s
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 7. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The social security tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 8. Income tax
- •Income tax
- •Unit 9. Personal taxation in the uk
- •Personal taxation in the uk
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Personal taxation
- •Unit 10. The flat tax
- •The flat tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 11. Corporate tax in great britain
- •Corporate tax in great britain
- •Unit 12. Corporate income tax Corporate taxation in the usa
- •Corporate income tax
- •Corporate tax rates
- •Defining income
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Marginal and average corporate tax rates, 1983
- •Verb Noun Adjective
- •Unit 13. (corporation) profit tax in russia
- •(Corporation) profit tax in russia
- •Unit 14. The vat
- •The vat
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 15. The vat in russia the vat in russia
- •Vocabulary
- •The vat-Invoice
- •Unit 16. The excise
- •The excise
- •For similar items, excise duties are the same for imported and domestically produced goods; if the tax is different, then there is an explicit or implicit customs duty.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2. Answer the questions
- •Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the word by its definition
- •Exercise 4. Render the text
- •Exercise 6 Translate from Russian into English
- •Unit 17. Taxation in canada
- •Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in canada
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 18. Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 19. Taxation in germany
- •Taxation in germany
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 20. Taxation in the republic of ireland Exercise 1 Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in the republic of ireland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Unit 21. Taxaion in the usa
- •Taxaion in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 22. How to avoid axation in the usa how to avoid axation in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 6. Discussion
- •Unit 23. The tax code of the russian federaton
- •Retrospectively, provision, procedure, authority, levy, circumstance, liability, audit, offence, administrative compliance, specify, authority, introduction .
- •Tax Code part II
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 7 Explain the following. Consult the text and vocabulary
- •Hierarchy of Norms
- •Vocabulary
- •The History of Taxation in Russia
- •Unit 24. The tax authorities of the rusian federation
- •Unit 25. Genral princiaples of taxation
- •Genral princiaples of taxation.
- •4.1 Efficiency or rationality.
- •4.2 Sufficiency.
- •4.3 Flexibility.
- •4.4 Neutrality.
- •Vocabulary
- •Оглавление
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Taxation in the united kingdom
Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments at least two different levels of government: local government and central government. Local government is financed by grants from central government funds, business rates and council tax. Central government revenues are mainly income tax, national insurance contributions, value added tax, excise duties, corporation tax, capital gains tax, inheritance tax and stamp duty.
All UK derived income and gains are subject to UK taxation no matter the citizenship neither the place of residence of the individual nor the place of registration of the company.
Individuals who are both resident and domiciled in the UK are additionally liable to taxation on their worldwide income and gains. For certain individuals, therefore, the UK is a tax haven: being resident but not domiciled in the UK means that only income remitted to the UK is taxed, together with all capital gains.
A company is resident in the UK if it is UK-incorporated or if its central management and control of a company are in the UK. A company is domiciled in the UK if it is incorporated in the UK. A company’s domicile has no effect on its tax position – it pays tax on its worldwide income and gains.
Income tax forms the bulk of revenues collected by the government. Depending on an individual’s income, the rate of income tax ranges from 10% (starting rate) to 20% (basic rate for interest), to 22% (basic rate), to 32.5% (higher rate for UK dividends), to 40% (higher rate).
The second largest source of government revenues is national insurance contributions, payable by employees, employers and self-employed.
The third largest source of government revenues is value added tax, charged at the standard rate of 17.5% on supplies of goods and services. Certain goods and services are exempt from VAT, and others are subject to VAT at lower rate of 5% (the lower rate) or 0% (‘zero-rated’).
The fourth largest source of government revenues is corporation tax, charged on the profits and capital gains of companies. The highest rate is 30%, but lower rates apply to companies with levels of profits below 1.5 million pounds.
Capital gains are subject to tax at the marginal rate of income tax (for individuals) or of corporation tax (for companies).
Excise duties are charged on, amongst other things, fuel, alcohol, tobacco, betting and vehicles.
Stamp duty is charged on the transfer of certain partnership interests at rates of up to 4%, and shares and certain securities at a rate of 0.5%. Modernized versions of stamp duty, stamp duty land tax and stamp duty reserve tax, are charged respectively on the transfer of real estate and shares and securities, at rates of up to 4% and 0.5%.
Inheritance tax is levied on certain gifts and the estates of deceased persons at a rate of 40%. Any inheritance tax must be paid by the administrators of estate before probate is granted.
Vocabulary
|
Business rates (n) |
Налог на предпринимателя |
|
council tax |
муниципальный налог (взимается с домовладельцев или арендаторов дома, квартиры и т.п.) |
capital gains tax |
Налог на реализованный прирост капитала | |
|
to derive |
получать, извлекать (from) |
|
gains |
доходы |
|
citizenship |
гражданство |
dual citizenship |
двойное гражданство | |
to acquire citizenship/ to receive citizenship |
получать гражданство
| |
to grant citizenship |
предоставить гражданство | |
to revoke smb’s citizenship |
лишать кого-либо гражданства | |
|
place of residence |
местожительство |
|
resident (n) |
житель; постоянно проживающее лицо |
|
to domicile |
поселиться на постоянное жительство; сделать основным местопребыванием |
|
tax haven |
Налоговая гавань |
|
to remit to smth./smb |
иметь отношение, относиться; касаться чего-л., кого-л. |
|
to incorporate |
регистрировать, оформить (общество и т.п.) |
|
domicile (n) |
юридический адрес; постоянное местожительство |
|
bulk (n) |
величина, объем |
|
self-employed |
предприниматель без образования юридического лица |
|
supply of goods |
предложение товара |
|
to apply to smth. |
применять, использовать |
|
marginal rate of tax |
предельная налоговая ставка |
|
transfer (n) |
перевод, перечисление (денежных сумм) |
|
interest in partnership |
доля в капиталах товарищества |
|
securities (n.,pl.) |
ценные бумаги |
|
respectively (adv.) |
соответственно |
|
real estate |
недвижимое имущество |
|
deceased person |
умершее лицо |
|
probate (n) |
официальное утверждение завещания судом |
|
probate (n) |
официальное утверждение завещания судом |
|
to grant |
предоставлять |