- •Министерство Финансов Российской Федерации
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •(Протокол № )
- •Предисловие.
- •Unit 1. What are taxes?
- •What are taxes?
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar Revision
- •Unit 2. Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Progressive and regressive taxes
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the English equivlents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 3. A history of taxation.
- •A history of taxation.
- •Vocabulary
- •In the text find the answers to the following questions.
- •In the text find the English equivalents to the following Russian collocations.
- •Unit 4. The tax history of great britain.
- •The tax history of great britain.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 5. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •Colonial Times
- •The Post Revolutionary Era
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 6. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •World War I and 1920’s
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 7. The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The history of the tax system in the united states
- •The social security tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 8. Income tax
- •Income tax
- •Unit 9. Personal taxation in the uk
- •Personal taxation in the uk
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Personal taxation
- •Unit 10. The flat tax
- •The flat tax
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 11. Corporate tax in great britain
- •Corporate tax in great britain
- •Unit 12. Corporate income tax Corporate taxation in the usa
- •Corporate income tax
- •Corporate tax rates
- •Defining income
- •Vocabulary
- •Chart 1. Marginal and average corporate tax rates, 1983
- •Verb Noun Adjective
- •Unit 13. (corporation) profit tax in russia
- •(Corporation) profit tax in russia
- •Unit 14. The vat
- •The vat
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 15. The vat in russia the vat in russia
- •Vocabulary
- •The vat-Invoice
- •Unit 16. The excise
- •The excise
- •For similar items, excise duties are the same for imported and domestically produced goods; if the tax is different, then there is an explicit or implicit customs duty.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2. Answer the questions
- •Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the word by its definition
- •Exercise 4. Render the text
- •Exercise 6 Translate from Russian into English
- •Unit 17. Taxation in canada
- •Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in canada
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 18. Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Taxation in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 19. Taxation in germany
- •Taxation in germany
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Unit 20. Taxation in the republic of ireland Exercise 1 Practise reading the following words and collocation:
- •Taxation in the republic of ireland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Unit 21. Taxaion in the usa
- •Taxaion in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 22. How to avoid axation in the usa how to avoid axation in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 6. Discussion
- •Unit 23. The tax code of the russian federaton
- •Retrospectively, provision, procedure, authority, levy, circumstance, liability, audit, offence, administrative compliance, specify, authority, introduction .
- •Tax Code part II
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise 7 Explain the following. Consult the text and vocabulary
- •Hierarchy of Norms
- •Vocabulary
- •The History of Taxation in Russia
- •Unit 24. The tax authorities of the rusian federation
- •Unit 25. Genral princiaples of taxation
- •Genral princiaples of taxation.
- •4.1 Efficiency or rationality.
- •4.2 Sufficiency.
- •4.3 Flexibility.
- •4.4 Neutrality.
- •Vocabulary
- •Оглавление
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Progressive and regressive taxes
Progressive and regressive taxes describe the tax table, not a political opinion. It’s like a mathematical function. In a progressive tax, the more you earn, the higher your tax rate. The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax. In this case, the less you earn, the higher your tax rate.
The classical progressive tax is income tax, where people with more income pay a higher percentage of it in taxes.
The classical regressive tax is income tax, where people with more income pay a less percentage of it in taxes.
The classical regressive tax is sales tax (since lower income people spend a large portion of their income). For example, let’s imagine two frugal travelling salesmen. They each have to buy a new car every four years to (say) keep up appearances, and they need reliable transportation. (One guy makes 20K, the other 300K).
Poor boy buys a $20,000 car pays $1,000 or 5% of his income.
Rich boy buys a $60,000 car pays $3,000 or 1% of his income.
Many taxes tend to be regressive in practise: social security taxes (because they exclude interest, rent, and other kinds of income common for the affluent), excise taxes and etc. (a flat tax, also called a proportional tax, is one where the tax amount is fixed as a function of income, and is a term mainly used only in the context of income taxes).
All known functioning systems of taxation have a balance of progressive and regressive taxes. This idea is almost never debated, the debates are over where the balance point should be, how much burden should be on the rich, and how much burden on the middle and the poor, In particular, progressive taxes soak the rich, regressive taxes soak the poor.
The argument for a progressive tax system is that people with higher income tend to have a higher percentage of that in disposable income, and can afford a greater tax burden. A person making exactly enough money to pay for food and housing cannot afford to pay any taxes without it causing material damage, while someone making twice as much as one can afford to pay up to half their income to taxes. The converse argument is that too progressive a tax rate acts as a disincentive to work.
For example, in the United States (2004) there are six tax brackets that are used to calculate the percentage of income that must be paid as income tax to the federal government. If an individual’s yearly income falls within a particular tax bracket, they pay the listed percentage of their income on each dollar that falls, within that monetary range, for example, a person who earned $10,000 in 2003 would be liable for 10% of each dollar earned from the 2,651st dollar to the 9,700th dollar to the 10,000th dollar, for a total of $749,75.
Vocabulary
1. |
progressive tax (n)
regressive tax (n) |
– прогрессивный налог; налог, взимаемый по прогрессивной шкале – регрессивный налог |
2. |
rate (n) tax rate |
– ставка, тариф – ставка налога |
3. |
income (n) income tax |
– доход – подоходный налог |
4. |
sales tax (n) |
– налог с оборота, налог на продажу |
5. |
frugal (adj.) |
– бережливый, экономный |
6. |
to keep up to keep up appearances |
– поддерживать – соблюдать приличия |
7. |
reliable (adj.) |
– надежный, прочный |
8. |
K = one thousand |
|
9. |
social security tax (n) |
– налог в фонд социального обеспечения |
10. |
to exclude |
– исключить |
11. |
rent (n) |
– арендная плата |
12. |
the affluent (n) |
– богатый |
13. |
excise tax (n) |
– акцизный сбор |
14. |
flat tax (n) |
– фиксированный (подоходный) налог |
15. |
to debate |
– оспаривать |
16. |
burden (n) tax burden |
– бремя, долговое бремя – налоговое бремя |
17. |
to soak (slang) |
– выкачивать деньги |
18. |
disposable (adj.)
disposable income |
– такой, которым можно распоряжаться, свободный – располагаемый доход |
19. |
to afford |
– позволять себе |
20. |
damage (n) material damage |
– повреждение, ущерб – материальный убыток |
21. |
to cause |
– служить причиной |
22. |
to act |
– действовать |
23. |
disincentive (n) |
– препятствие, сдерживающее средство |
24. |
tax bracket (n) |
– налоговая категория, группа по налогообложению |
25. |
listed |
– включенный в список |
26. |
range (n) monetary range |
– диапазон, коридор (цен) – денежный диапазон |
Exercise 2
In the text find the answers to the following questions.
What does a progressive tax mean?
What does a regressive tax mean?
Which taxes refer to the classical progressive tax? Give an example.
Which taxes refer to the classical regressive tax? Prove it.
Which kind of taxes (progressive or regressive) do many taxes tend to be?
What is the argument for a progressive tax system?
Exercise 3
Find the most suitable Russian equivalents to the following English collocations.
People with more income pay a higher percentage of it in taxes; since lower income people spend a large portion of their income; to have to buy a new car to keep up appearances; interest, rent and other kinds of income common for the affluent; the tax amount is fixed as a function of income; to have a balance of progressive and regressive taxes; cannot afford to pay any taxes without it causing material damage; must be paid as income tax to the federal government; to fall within the monetary range.
Exercise 4