сборник НПК 2013

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
СЕКЦИЯ «Английский язык» ...................................................................................................................	4
ANIME FESTIVAL IN JAPAN AND SUCH FESTIVALS IN VORONEZH (Белоусова Ю) .................	4
SOME PECULIARITIES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH (Вересковский
Антон)..........................................................................................................................................................	5
READING BOOKS IN ORIGINAL (Калашникова А.) ..........................................................................	11
SUMMER OLYMPICS 2012 IN LONDON (КАРПОВА МАРГАРИТА)..............................................	13
HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN VORONEZH AND VORONEZH REGION (Карчевская В., Сидаш
М.) ..............................................................................................................................................................	15
PHENOMENON OF INTERNET ADDICTION (Косяков).....................................................................	18
СЕКЦИЯ «Немецкий язык» (страноведение) ........................................................................................	20
BUNDESWAPPEN DEUTSCHLANDS (Володина Н. колесов Д.).......................................................	20
SPREEWALD ,DAS LAND DER SORBEN (Грибанова).......................................................................	22
DIE HITLERJUGEND (коротких юлия) .................................................................................................	23
SLAWISCHE WÜRZEL IN DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE (Кудиньш Анастасия)............................	26
KLEINE STÄDTE DEUTSCHLANDS (мельникова елена)...................................................................	27
ÖSTERLAND,DEUTSCHREICH-DIE DEUTSCHE SPRACHE (страхова Мария) .............................	30
SCHLÖSSER UND BURGEN AM RHEIN (стряпчих наталья) ............................................................	31
DER SPREEWALD UND DIE SORBEN (тупикина катя) .....................................................................	34
DAS KOMMT AUS DEM RITTERTUM (Уразов) .................................................................................	37
СЕКЦИЯ «Немецкий язык» (лингвистика)............................................................................................	39
WARUM MÜSSEN WIR DIE BÜCHER IM ORIGINAL LESEN? (Калашникова А.).........................	39
DIE POPULÄREN VORNAMEN IN DEUTSCHLAND UND IN RUSSLAND (КОПТЕВА А.) .........	40
ÖSTERREICHISCHES DEUTSCH (Кузнецова Ангелина) ...................................................................	42
ABKÜRZUNGEN IN DER SCHRIFTLICHEN REDE. SMS-ABKÜRZUNGEN» (Ланкина Мария) ..	45
BESODERHEITEN DER ANIMALISMEN IN DEUTSCH UND RUSSISCH (Охотина).....................	46
RETTET DAS DEUTSCHE! – BEDROHTE WÖRTER (Селина Олеся)...............................................	48
DIE ROLLE DER FILMKUST IM LERNEN DER FREMDSPRACHEN (Сумбар ксения) .................	49
WIE SMS UND E-MAIL DIE AUSDRUCKSWEISE BEEINFLUSSEN (уСАЧЕВА) ..........................	50
ABZÄHLREIME IN DER DEUTSCHEN UND RUSSISCHEN SPRACHE (Шабаева Анастасия) .....	51
WIEGENLIEDER IN DER DEUTSCHEN UND RUSSISCHENSPRACHE (Якушева Евгения).........	56
СЕКЦИЯ «Русский язык и Литература» ................................................................................................	61
ИСТОКИ РУССКОГО РАМАНТИЗМА (белоусова)............................................................................	61

"О ЧЕМ, УВЯДШИЙ ЦВЕТ,ТОЛКУЕШЬ?"(СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СТИХОТВОРЕНИЙ

В.А ЖУКОВСКОГО И А.С ПУШКИНА) (Замятина) ..........................................................................	64
НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ КАК СРЕДСТВО ПОПОЛНЕНИЯ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО
ЗАПАСА (КОСТЕНКО)...........................................................................................................................	67
ЛЮБОВЬ В ЖИЗНИ СЕРГЕЯ ЕСЕНИНА (Сидоренко) ......................................................................	70
* * * ............................................................................................................................................................	72
ОТ НИКОЛЕНЬКИ ЭРТЕНЬЕВА ДО ПЕТИ РОСТОВА (Текина) .....................................................	76

СУФФИКСЫ ОЦЕНКИ КАК ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЕ СРЕДСТВО ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ГЕРОЕВ

В ПОЭМЕ Н.В. ГОГОЛЯ «МЕРТВЫЕ ДУШИ» (Тупикина)...............................................................	78
СЕКЦИЯ «История и Обществознание»................................................................................................	82
СЕВЕРНЫЙ СФИНКС АЛЕКСАНДР I (Гюльназарян) .......................................................................	82
СЕРГИЙ РАДОНЕЖСКИЙ (Жданова) ..................................................................................................	85
ПЕТР I – СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ФЛОТА В ВОРОНЕЖЕ (Карпов) ........................................................	88
ФЕВРАЛЬСКАЯ РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ (Коротких) ........................................................................................	97

ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ СССР С ДРУГИМИ СТРАНАМИ ВО ВРЕМЯ ВЕЛИКОЙ

ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Кузнецова) ..........................................................................................	102
ЮВЕНАЛЬНАЯ ЮСТИЦИЯ (Михалева)............................................................................................	106
ВОРОНЕЖ — ГОРОД ВОИНСКОЙ СЛАВЫ (Проказова) ...............................................................	114
ВТОРОВ И ВТОРОВСКИЕ КОРОБА (Стяпчих, Мусиенко).............................................................	119
СОВЕТСКО-ФИНСКАЯ ВОЙНА. МИФЫ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ (Токарев) .........................................	124
СЕКЦИЯ «Математика - Информатика и ИКТ» .................................................................................	132
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТАЙНЫ ЕГИПЕТСКИХ ПИРАМИД (ковшова елена)...............................	132
ЧЕТЫРЁХУГОЛЬНИКИ (Резцова, Шипилова Анна) ........................................................................	140
2

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЕ ЧИСЛА (Сумбар Ксения) ......................................................................................	144
КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ГРАФИКА (СУМБАР, ЛАНКИНА) ..................................................................	146
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФОРМУЛЫ ПИКА (Суханова Юлия) .....................................................................	148
СЕКЦИЯ «Естественно-научные дисциплины» (биология, химия, физика, география) ................	150
ЭТИМОЛОГИЯ ТОПОНИМИЧЕСКИХ НАЗВАНИЙ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙОБЛАСТИ (ГЛАЗКОВА)
..................................................................................................................................................................	150
МОНИТОРИНГ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ МИКРОРАЙОНА ГИМНАЗИИ №6. (стендовый
доклад) (КОСЯКОВ) ..............................................................................................................................	158
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ТЕМАЛЛОВ В ГОЛЕНИ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ (лобова) ...........	159
ДЕНДРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАМЯТНИКИ ПРИРОДЫ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (михалева)..	165
ВЛИЯНИЕ МАСЕЛ И ЖИРОВ НА ОРГАНИЗМ (Поспелова) .........................................................	173
ВЛИЯНИЕ ПИЩИ НА ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЗУБОВ (ПОСПЕЛОВА) ...........................................................	174
ХИМИЯ И КОСМЕТИКА. КОНСЕРВАНТЫ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ
КОСМЕТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ (Рогачева).........................................................................................	179
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕЛЬЕФА ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (Текина)..............................................	181
CРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ КАРОТИНА В МОРКОВИ И ТЫКВЕ И
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ САХАРИСТОСТИ В НАИБОЛЕЕ КАРОТИНОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СОРТАХ
МОРКОВИ (Чаплынских А) .................................................................................................................	187

3

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

СЕКЦИЯ «АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК»

ANIME FESTIVAL IN JAPAN AND SUCH FESTIVALS IN VORONEZH (БЕЛОУСОВА Ю)

Белоусова Юлия, 8А класс учитель Богданова Н.А.

I want to dedicate the work theme anime festivals. I think many people know what "anime". (Anime are Japanese animated productions featuring hand-drawn or computer animation. Anime includes animated television series, short films and full-length feature films.The word is the abbreviated pronunciation of "animation" in Japanese.) So, not only anime in Japan, but also in many other countries, including Russia.

More recently (about 10-15 years ago), fans of manga and anime - otaku began to organize small meetings devoted to his passion.

As a result of the evolution of small parties have grown into several day festival. An anime convention is an event or gathering with a primary focus on anime, manga and Japanese culture. Commonly, anime conventions are multi-day events hosted at convention centers, hotels or college campuses. They feature a wide variety of activities and panels, with a larger number of attendees participating in cosplay than most other types of fan conventions.

Anime conventions have a long and varied worldwide history. The original Comiket, mostly based on fan published manga called dōjinshi, started in 1975 with around 700 people in Tokyo. The

Comiket of today see several hundred thousand people, showing the lasting popularity of the medium in its home country. Other Japanese anime conventions are arms of or heavily sponsored by certain studios or publishing companies and are used as platforms for new releases, such as Jump Festa.

(Jump Festa - is an annual party or exposition in Japan, all about anime and manga, sponsored by Shueisha, creators of the various Jump anthologies. New movies, manga, games, and merchandise are introduced during this event. The tradition is that of already existing material a special item or episode is produced and presented at the convention to prove the makers are not out of ideas and to experiment. Manga artists of popular current and former Jump series are often on hand, and many of them have panels where they answer questions.)

Many early conventions were run out-of-pocket at the expense of these organizers, often referred to as directors

The early 1990s saw what would later be the long standing annual conventions, such as Project A-Kon1, Anime Expo2, and AnimeFest3, which continue to run today and number attendance in the several thousands. Anime conventions in other locales, such as Europe and Australia began to take off in the mid-1990s as well. These growth trends follow the popularity and availability of anime to other countries outside of Japan.

In recent years, new anime conventions continue to spring up in places where coverage from other conventions doesn't reach, such as Kawaii Kon in Hawaii and Aurora-Con in Alaska. Special industry announcements and premiers are now taking place at anime conventions outside of Japan, reflecting an acknowledgment of fandom from other locales.

Anime conventions typically feature a guest (or "guest of honor") list as part of their makeup, though the only criteria for someone to be a guest is for the convention to state they are one. As such, a guest can be an industry figure, a talent (like drawing artist, performer, etc.), or even a fandom community figure. An anime convention represents an opportunity to interact with such individuals that may not be possible outside the event.

Anime convention events

A typical western anime convention will feature several events, workshops, panels, and contests for the attendees. Longer-running conventions with higher attendance often have the biggest variety and highest number of events. This list features common events, but is in no way meant to be considered as exhaustive or complete.

Panels

Anime conventions often have panels, which are open ended discussions involving some predetermined topic, usually related in at least some way to anime. Topics can include manga, favorite voiceactors, details about a particular anime show, series, or movie. Panels may also be about more general

4

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

topics such as cosplay, fanfiction, video games, or even industry related topics such as production or licensing.

Workshops

Slightly different than a Panel, a workshop is more like guided instruction through a major or specific task, typically instructed by an individual (often a convention guest). The instructor could either demonstrate or instruct people on how to accomplish tasks such as how to draw manga, make computer animation, or how to become a voice actor.

Video screenings

Most anime conventions hold screenings of actual anime shows or movies because the circulation of the material and theatrical releases continues to trail Japan in other locales. Because of this, screenings and video rooms are less common in Japanese conventions, unless promoting a specific studio. Some western conventions have several video screening rooms, running a varied schedule of shows, some of which are available in the US, and other are fan-subtitled with no domestic publisher.

Most conventions include contests. Contests can also focus around costumes (or cosplay), art works (drawn, sculpted, painted), anime-related music videos, video games, dice games, card games, and many other activities. In some cases, tangible prizes have been offered as winnings in these contests.

Art show

Typical art shows are similar to those at a traditional museum or gallery. Artwork of all kind is put on display for inspection, and in some cases for purchase/auction bidding, by the viewer. Entry is usually only restricted by space available & registration with the convention. The artist can choose to be present to display, discuss, or take commission in a variation of the art show known as the Artists' Alley. Artists may also include crafts, drawn art, self-published books or video, fanzines, and more.

This is the classic schedule of the festival.

The very first anime festival in Russia is the Russian festival of Japanese animation in Voronezh. Since 2000, the festival is held annually and usually coincides with the May holidays.

Originally, the festival took place in Voronezh in the cinema "Youth", but later he moved to the Opera and Ballet Theatre, and "Spartacus."

All the days of the festival accompanied Daily Show animated films at the cinema "Spartacus." One day is devoted to a grand cosplay4 show.

The action lasts for about 4 hours. It is truly amazing and fascinating. Many beloved characters from your favorite anime and manga (and not only) come to life and appear in front of you and act out their skits, sing, dance and show off their costumes. In cosplay presentation included fashion shows, where you can see the costumes of any complexity.

Great wings, guns, katanas, Kraft - all cosplayers were making day and night, put your work and

effort.

Sometimes costumes cost otaku very expensive, but the feeling when you transform into a hero - indescribable.

To sum it up, these festivals become more and more popular nowadays. They are held not only in Japan, but also in such countries as Russia, China, Germany, Italy, Finland, Canada. The USA and so on. Visit this festival and you will feel the atmosphere of this magic unreal world and become a part of it. You may choose your own role and hero and start living in this reality. So, you are welcome!

SOME PECULIARITIES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH (ВЕРЕСКОВСКИЙ АНТОН)

Вересковсий Антон, 11Б класс Учитель Боброва Г.Н.

1. Introduction

In settlement times Great Britain used not only to expand its possessions, but also to spread its language far beyond its borders. English has been changing on the new territories, that is why we are experiencing so many dialects. The main among them are American and Australian. It is interesting that subsequently these dialects have influenced the British English. Traditionally the British variant of English language is thought to be more formal, though even this variant is not uniform. There are three types of British English – Conservative English (the language of the royal family and the Parliament), Received Pronunciation (or BBC English) and Advanced English. The last variant is rather flexible and it is the most liable to influence of the other dialects.

5

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

In the USA the English language has changed not only because of the influence of Indian tribes, but also because of various European languages. That is why the differences of The British and the American lie not only in phonetics and vocabulary, but also in grammar.

2. Modern state of English language as a multinational language

Modern British English is, firstly, dissimilar, secondly, is far from classical English, that used to exist 3 ages before. In the British variant mark out three language types: conservative English, received pronunciation and advanced English. The last type is the most mobile and flexible, as it absorbs many elements of other cultures and languages. Advanced English is the most liable to inner changes. They occur mostly in vocabulary, one of the most flexible parts of the language. New language phenomena appear, that are important to mention, and the old ones receive new labels. New vocabulary comes in modern British English from the other variants of English and particularly from American. The language of educated Londoners and citizens of south-east of England has become the status of Received

Pronunciation (RP). It is based on the ―right English‖ – the language of the best commercial schools (Eton, Winchester, Harrow, Rugby) and universities (Oxford, Cambridge). This is the classic, literature language, which is the base of any English course in linguistic schools for foreigners. Irish, Australian and New Zealand variants of the English language are more likely to be the closest to classical English. In virtue of geographical isolation these countries haven‘t experienced the influence of other languages and cultures. In forming of American English took part almost every European citizen, whereas Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa were settled by the British. The English there has saved its formal state. The differences include only phonetics and practically the melody of the language. They have smoother, ―neutral‖ tone, moreover, they substitute ―difficult‖ sounds by the simpler ones, for example, inter dental ―th‖ by the normal one in such words as that, think. The Irish use more vowels between consonants and add the neutral ones, for example, film sounds like ―filem‖. The Irish English is more musical, which stems from the Celtic language. For Australian is typical the slower rhythm and stable melody scale. And the USA have created almost a new language: the changes occur not only phonetics and vocabulary, but also the most stable part of the language – grammar. That is why it is likely, that the most arguments appear about two variants of the English language – the British and the American one. As distinct from the British variant, the American one is more flexible and open to new phenomena and simple to comprehend. Particularly that is why it has received more popularity all over the world. This is the language of a new generation without particular nationality and place to live, brought up in mass culture. English language of the modern youth is rather common, thanks to slightly common culture, rock music, close relationship and those idols that, starting with Elvis Presley stay the same for everybody all over the world.

3. Lexical differences between British and American variants of the English language

These differences are conditioned by various adoptions in American variant from the Indian languages and from Spanish mostly. Let us look at a table with some differences in vocabulary.

American variant	Translation into Russian	British variant
1st Floor	первый этаж	ground floor
2st Floor	второй этаж	1st floor
Administration	правительство	government
Apartment	квартира	flat
Appetizer	закуска	starter
Assignment	домашнее задание	homework
Auditorium	актовый зал	assembly hall
Baggage	багаж	luggage
Basement	подвал	cellar
Bill	банкнота	banknote
Billion	миллиард	milliard
Blue	грустный	sad
Can	консервная банка	tin
Checkers	шашки	draughts
Class	курс обучения	course
Closet	гардероб	wardrobe
Cookie	печенье	biscuit
Corn	кукуруза	maize
Couch	диван	sofa

6

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

Druggist	аптекарь	chemist
Elevator	лифт	lift
Eraser	ластик	(india) rubber
Fall	осень	autumn
Fix	ремонтировать	repair
Freeway	шоссе	motorway
Game	матч	match
Gasoline	бензин	petrol
Grade	отметка	mark
Insure	гарантировать	ensure
Intersection, junction	перекресток	cross-roads
Kerosene	керосин	paraffin
Last name	фамилия	surname
Line	очередь	queue
Loan	давать взаймы	lend
Located	расположенный	situated
Magician	фокусник	conjurer
Mail	почта	post
Metro/subway	метро	tube/underground
Movies	кинотеатр	cinema
Napkin	салфетка	serviette
Oatmeal	овсяная каша	porridge
Package	пакет, посылка	parcel
Pantry	кладовая	larder
Pants	брюки	trousers
Paraffin	парафин	white wax
Pavement	мостовая	road
Pool	бильярд	billiards
President	председатель	chairman
Quiz	контрольная, тест	test, exam
Raisin	изюм	sultana
Reserve	заказать	book
Schedule	расписание	timetable
Sewer/soil pipe	сточная труба	drain
Shop	магазин	store
Shorts	шорты	briefs
Shot	инъекция	jab
Sidewalk	тротуар	pavement
Soccer	футбол	football
Streetcar	трамвай	tram
Tag	этикетка	label
Taxes	налоги	rates
Term paper	курсовая работа	essay/project
Truck	грузовик	lorry
Two weeks	две недели	fortnight
Underpass	подземный переход	subway
Vacation	каникулы	holiday
Vacuum cleaner	пылесос	hoover
Wharf	причал	quay
Wire	телеграмма	telegram
Wrench	гаечный ключ	spanner
Zee	буква Z	zed
Zip code	почтовый индекс	postal code

There are not stated some vocabulary differences, that are influenced by cultural differences, for example, different educational system in Great Britain and the USA or different systems of soldiery

7

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

ranks. Many vocabulary differences are insignificant, for example, one word changes in a word combination: am. Keep tabs on – br. Keep check on – «следить за кем-л.». We think that at school we need to pay attention to those vocabulary differences, that may cause difficulties in comprehension. For example, subway in the USA means «метро», and in Great Britain – «подземный переход»; pavement in the USA – «мостовая», in Great Britain – «тротуар». It is also important to mention difference in spelling between British and American words. For example:

American variant	Translation into Russian	British variant
apologize	извиняться	apologise
center	центр	centre
defense	защита	defence
honor	честь	honour
jail	тюрьма	gaol
plow	плуг	plough
thru	до	through
traveler	путешественник	traveller

On the whole, the words in American vocabulary with French origin ending with –our are written with –or (honor, splendor); instead of –re in some words are written –er (theater, center). These differences are mostly the service of Noy Webster (1758–1843), who brought into American English the rule of writing -er instead of -re (center 'центр', meter 'метр', theater 'театр'), -or instead of -our (favor 'услуга', honor 'честь', labor 'труд'), check instead of cheque 'чек', connection instead of connexion 'связь', jail instead of gaol 'тюрьма', story instead of storey 'этаж' etc. there is also one feature of modern informal American – designation of the whole class of things with one word from this class. This phenomenon is called synecdoche (the name of the whole with its part). According to M. A. Goldenkov,

―the Americans name all birds like ―hawks‖, which means «ястребы». He also mentions the word bug – «клоп» - as the name for all kinds of insects (the last meaning of this word is «electrical overhearing device», what gave an impulse for the Russians to name this devices «bugs») and word pine – «сосна» in the meaning of «ель» (including the Christmas one). There is also a widely-spread sphere of English vocabulary that nowadays penetrates into music, films and literature and demands, as a consequence, more special explanation. We talk about an American slang. It takes quite a big part of the whole vocab of a modern American. In XX century people experienced an active transition of slang into the literary English. ―Permeability of the non-literary vocab, especially slang, is long since one of the most typical features of American and Australian English‖. Not long ago we used to define as slang such words like ―of course, to take part, to get up, lunch‖. We also have to mention an expression that is mainly used today in many textbooks in schools, though it is an American slang idiom. We mean ―ОК‖, an informal way to say ―all correct‖ («все правильно»). М. А. Goldenkov gives following definitions of this word:

1.«not at all» (symbol of gratitude)

2.«I‘m feeling good» (an answer on the question like «How are you?», «How is your family?»)

3.«correct»

4.«I‘m fine»

5.«good» (synonym «all right»).

Nowadays we can use different sentences to express a statement or a negation. Instead of ―yes‖ even the Brits use now ―yeah‖. Apart from this, Brits use Canadian ―yap‖ instead of ―yes‖ and ―nope‖ instead of ―no‖. American variant of English has affected proper names. Today is mostly spread the tradition of using derivative proper names. Derivates are used not only in informal speech but also in formal cases. An example is following: names of some US presidents - James Earl Carter shortened to Jimmy Carter, William Jefferson Clinton - Bill Clinton.

4. Grammatical differences between American and British variants of the English language

1. There is a state difference in using verbal tenses. An American may use Past Simple instead of Present Perfect. This refusal of Perfect Tenses in an informal language is widely used and it has become a normal form of grammar. As an example, a sentence «Did you go see «Redhead» with Arnold?» seems to be correct, though Brits will use Perfect tense: «Have you seen… ?» or even in an informal speech: «Seen «Redhead» yet?» Most commonly this skipping of Perfect tenses is tent to be connected with the immigrants who don‘t use Perfect in their mother tongue. However, an American will definitely use

Perfect, if the sentence looks ambiguous or incomprehensible. For example, Past participle of the verb

―get‖ sounds like ―gotten‖.

8

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

2.Instead of an auxiliary verb ―shall‖ the Americans use ―will‖, which is supplanted by ―gonna‖

–informal variant of ―going to‖. This is now a common tendency of the English language. In a difficult net of various verbal tenses we have found two significant changes. Firstly, native speakers use simple forms more commonly, like ―I eat‖ instead of ―I am eating‖. This change is connected with a wish of making the speech more lively. In this case it differs from other language tendencies that are aimed at economizing language expressions. The second change is in a wide usage of the verb ―go‖ for showing near future, like in the sentence ―We are going to write‖ instead of ―We will write‖. The verb ―to go‖ was used as ―walk‖, but now it has lost its primary sense and is commonly used as an auxiliary verb by itself, like in an American sentence ―We are going to go a long way‖.

3.In the informal American English we can observe an unusual tendency of the verb ―to do‖. In the third form is mainly use the verb form of the first and second person. This concerns also a negative form of this verb. We can observe this tendency in the British English. As an example I would like to read a line from the song of «The Beatles» - «She's got a ticket to ride, and she don't care». But still the literary form stays the same and uses the third person of this verb.

4.In the American variant ―should‖ can‘t be used after verbs ―demand, insist, require‖ and others. For example: «I demanded that he apologize» instead of «I demanded that he should apologies» in the British variant.

5.Many irregular verbs (like, to burn, to spoil) in the American variant are regular.

6.There are also some differences in usage of articles. For example, «to/in THE hospital» in the American English, while «to/in hospital» in the British without an article.

7.Some American speakers changed prepositions, for example, «on the weekend/on weekend» instead of «at the weekend/at weekend» in the British English; «on a street» instead of «in a street».

8.Many idioms are changed in the American English. For example, «take a shower/a bath» instead of «have a shower/a bath». And instead of «needn't» they use «don't need to».

9.Adjectives ―slow‖ and ―real‖ are used as adverbs: ―He likes to drive slow‖ (instead of ―slowly‖). ―She's real nice‖ (instead of ―really‖).

10.The Americans use the plural form of a verb with collective nouns rarely, in contrary to Brits

(―the audience were, the government have‖). However, most of the grammatical peculiarities are not mentioned as regulatory differences between the American and the British English.

5.Phonetic differences between American and British variants of the English language

British and American variants have differences in reading rules.

Aa (in closed syllable) in the British is read like [ɑ:], in the American – [æ]. For example, ask [ɑ:sk] and [æsk]

ew in the British English is read like [ju:], in the American – [u:]. For example, new [nju:] and

[nu:]

o (in closed syllable) in the British is read [ɔ], in the American – [ʌ]. For example, hot [hɔt] and

[hʌt]

Rr after a vowel isn‘t read in the British English. For example, car [kɑ:] and [kɑ:r]

Tt between vowels in the British is read like [t], in the American – [d]. For example, better ['betə] and ['bedər], city ['sıtı] and ['sıdı]American English has fewer differences in vowels before ―r‖. such words like merry, marry and Mary the Americans would read the same.

The length of the vowels ([ː]) is less important in the American English, in contrary to the British variant, where long vowels substitute [r]. some words can be often read long as well as short.

6. Vowel transition

One of the most common features of American English is the transition of British vowels [ɔ ː] (similar to a long Russian "o") and [ɒ] (similar to the brief Russian "o") to the sound [ɑ] , (compare British pronunciation of the word «cop», [kɒp], and american, [kɑp]).

As a result of the "disappearance"of the vowel [ɔ ː], words such as cot and caught the majority of Americans will pronounce in the same way (so called ―cot-caught merger‖ also common in Canada and in some Scottish dialects).

The degree of the shift from [ɔ ː] and [ɒ] to the sound [ɑ] in various words is different (it depends on the regional accent). Some words in the British RP contain sounds [ɔ ː] or [ɒ], the same sound is contained in the American version (for example, the words dog, long, chocolate), others are pronounced by Americans just like [ɑ] in the word father (eg, the words hot, dot, box) etc. In particular, if the British

9

материалы XVI научно-практической конференции Научного Общества Учащихся МБОУ гимназии №6 г.Воронежа

RP phrase "hot dog" is pronounced [hɒt dɒg], in the standard American (GA) a phrase [hɑ ː t dɒ ː g] or even [ hɑ ː t dɔ ː g] pronounced, that is, the letter "o" is pronounced differently in the standard American.

The words that the British RP pronounce with [ɔ ː] or [ɒ], the majority of Americans say with [ɑ] (or close to [ɑ]) in words that contain combinations of letters wha, wa (for example, what, want, wash ), al (eg, talk, call, hall), aw (eg, thaw, saw, awkward), au (eg, author, pause), ot (eg, dot, hot, lot) and some others.

On the other hand, the words containing the letter combinations ―or‖ (eg, sport, lord, fork) and some others, is almost never uttered by Americans [ɑ].

The residents of Russia can not feel the difference between hearing [ɑ] and another sound, [ʌ] (both sounds sometimes are described as a cross between Russian sounds "a" and "o", and it is closer to the Russian "a"), but Americans distinguish them sharply. If Russians, seeking to "American" pronunciation, will pronounce, for example, the word soccer as a "sucker", fox as "fucks", contest as "cunt test", slot as "slut", then they can get into trouble.

Flapping

A special phonetic peculiarity of the American English, by which intervocalic ―t‖ and ―d‖ surface as the alveolar flap ―ɾ‖ before an unstressed syllable. This change is now becoming more common in the British English.

Disappearance of [j] in such words like tune and Tuesday appears in both English variants.

Though in the American these words sound like ―toon‖and ―Toosdi‖, whereas in the informal British [j] softens the previous consonant and these words sound like choon and Choosdi.

7. Accents and pronunciation

Talking about phonetic differences between the American and the British English, we should not forget about accents which appear while talking. An accent is the first sign of the person, coming from the other place. As a rule, people speak English not with a pure English accent, but with an accent of their home region. Lets analyze some of them now.

Speaker 1.

A person from Germany who has been speaking English as a first foreign language for 6 years. Besides that, he spent some time in America to improve his English.

Having analyzed his reading we can say that he ―cuts‖ words' endings instead of pronouncing them. (For example ,the word ―complete‖ he says like [kompli:] so we can't hear ―t‖ in the end. In his reading we can also hear this ―special German dog's barking‖. He separates words from each other and stresses them. 'There 'are 'many' treasures a 'visitor 'will 'find 'strolling 'about' the 'town.

He pronounces [Shekspia] instead of [Sheikspia].

We hear strong aspiration, when he pronounces letters ―p‖ and ―t‖ ,for example, in the words: place, trip, treasures, strolling.

Speaker 2.

A girl from Russia who has been speaking English as a second foreign language for 6 years. We can hear sometimes sounds [s] and [z], similar to russian [с] and [з] instead of inter dental [ ] and [ ]

(another, death).There is practically no any aspiration (cottage, perhaps,treasure).And russian intonation also takes place in her reading . For example,this sentence should be read with such intonation as ― Nash House and New Place, where he lived from 1597 until his death in 1616,are nearby.‖But it is read with the intonation like this one ― Nash House and New Place, where he lived from 1597 until his death in 1616,are nearby.‖It is totally russian intonation.

Speaker 3.

A person from America who is a native English speaker and who is speaking English all his life. His pronunciation is pretty close to the British standard. But as many other Americans he has a special

―american‖ accent. For example, we can hear some shortages in such expression like ―We'd‖ instead of ‖ we would‖. He also says [r] after vowels while British people don't pronounce it. For example, in the words Stratford, are. He also says sometimes [a] instead of [o] (cottage) .

Speaker 4.

This speaker is from Great Britain and his reading is a standard in learning English. Here we can hear the intonation and the pronunciation which is typical for classical British English.

8. Conclusion

As we have seen, the differences in vocabulary, grammar and phonetics between American and British English are quite noticeable. However, the significant differences between them are just a myth. In

10