21. Classification of English consonant phonemes according to the degree of noise, work of vocal cords, force of articulation and position of the soft palate

According to the degree of noise:

- noise;

- sonorants (tone prevailing over noise).

According to the work of the vocal cords:

- voiced - vocal cords are brought together and vibrate;

- voiceless - vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate.

According to the force of articulation:

- weak/lenis - all voiced consonants;

- strong/fortis - more muscular energy and stronger breath effort - all voiceless consonants.

According to the position of the soft palate:

- oral - SP is raised and the air goes through the mouth cavity;

- nasal - SP is lowered and the air goes up into the nasal cavity and then out through the nose [m, n, ŋ].

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22. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the position of the tongue

According to the horizontal position of the tongue:

front - the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and the front part of it is raised to the hard palate [i:, e, æ];

front-retracted – the tongue is in the front part of the mouth but slightly retracted, and the part of the tongue nearer to centre than to front is raised [ɪ];

central - the front of the tongue is raised towards the back part of the hard palate [ʌ, ɜ:, ə];

back - the tongue is in the back part of the mouth and the back of it is raised towards the soft palate [ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, u:];

back-advanced - the tongue is in the back part of the mouth but is slightly advanced and the central part of it is raised towards the front part of the soft palate [ʊ].

According to the vertical position of the tongue:

close - front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the palate: narrow [i:, u:], broad [i:, u:];

open - the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth: narrow [ɔ:, ɒ], broad [æ, ɑ:, ɒ, a];

mid - the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between the close and the open one: narrow [e, ɜ:, ɜ], broad [ʌ, ə, ɛ].

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23. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the stability of articulation

Monophthongs - articulation is almost unchanging; quality is relatively pure: [ɒ, æ, ʊ, ʌ, e, ɑ:, ɔ:, ʊ, ɜ:, ə].

Diphthongs - the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable; nucleus is strong and distinct, glide is very weak: [ɔɪ, aɪ, eɪ, aʊ, ɜʊ, ʊə, ɪə, eə].

Diphthongoids - the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct: [i:, u:].

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24. Classification of English vowel phonemes according to the lip position, length, tenseness and character of vowel end

According to the lip position:

unrounded - the lips are neutral or spread [i:, ɪ, e, æ, ɑ:, ʌ,ɜ:,ə];

rounded – the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round [ɒ, ɔ:, ʊ, u:].

According to the character of vowel end:

checked – if a stressed vowel is followed by a strong voiceless consonant, it is cut off by it, the end of the vowel is strong. Such vowels are heard in stressed closed syllables ending in a strong voiceless consonant, e.g. better, cart, tape.

free - if a vowel is followed by a weak voiced consonant or by no consonant at all, the end of it is very weak. Such vowels are heard in closed syllables ending in a voiced consonant or in an open syllable, e.g. try, card.

According to the vowel length:

long – are capable of being continued during a longer period of time [ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ɜ:, i:, æ];

short – during a shorter period of time[ɪ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ, e, ə].

According to the degree of tenseness:

tense – the speech organs are tense, all English long vowels;

lax – with less tenseness of the speech organs, all English short vowels.

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