Английский модуль 2

—traditionally,

—historically,

—initially.

f) drawing a conclusion:

—as a consequence,

—thus,

—accordingly,

—consequently.

g)emphasizing:

— in fact,

— in particular,

— clearly.

h)summarizing:

— in short,

— summarizing ,

— in other words,

— briefly.

i)your point of view:

— from my point of view,

— however, in my opinion.

j)to take part in the discussion of the problem:

— I’m not sure I follow you,

— Did you say that..?

— Sorry, I’m not sure I understand.

— as far as I can see, the main issue is …

— allow me to explain, ..

— it means that…

— so, in other words,…

— to put in another way,…

— let me add that…

— yes, but that’s only one side of the problem.

— sorry, could I please just finish my point?

— going back to what I was saying,…

— would you mind clarifying …

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Recommendations to the chairperson:

1)announce the name of the conference,

2)speak on the importance of such conference to stop the spreading drug addiction on the whole,

3)introduce the participants, name the topics of their reports ,

4)mention the time limit of 5 minutes for speaking,

5)ask to put down the questions to be discussed later,

6)give the floor to the fist speaker and announce his topic,

7)after his speech control the situation and go on with introducing every next participant,

8)after all the speakers have taken the floor, ask if there are any questions, summarize the information discussed at the conference

9)thank everybody for participation.

UNIT 6. INTERNATIONAL LAW

TEXT 11

1. Прочитайте текст и расставьте заголовки к абзацам текста 1-4.

a)Acting together with national governments.

b)Main principles of existence.

c)Division into disciplines covers different legal aspects.

d)Factor of great influence.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A SUPRANATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

The problematic question if the international law can be considered a modern supranational legal system or it is only the law of international community has been the topic of discussion during the last decades on different prominent legal levels. On the one hand, it has all the features of a newly made international legal system, on the other hand, it doesn’t have the important norm of law — binding execution of adopted laws by all nations. This text is based on the first point of view.

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1)_________________

International Law is a newly made legal system. The law of the international community, or the body of customary rules and treaties, (1) governs accepted as legally binding by states in their relations with each other. International law differs from other legal systems as it primarily concerns sovereign political entities. There are three separate disciplines of international law:

a)public international law, which governs the relationship between provinces and international entities and includes treaty law, law of the sea, international criminal law, and international humanitarian law;

b)private international law, which addresses legal jurisdiction;

c)and supranational law — a legal framework where countries (2) are bound by regional agreements in which the laws of the member countries (3) are not applicable when in conflict with supranational laws. At present the European Union is the only entity under a supranational legal system.

2)____________________

Modern international law developed alongside the emergence and growth of the European nation-states beginning in the early 16th century. Other factors that influenced the development of international law included (4) the revival of legal studies, the growth of international trade, and the practice of exchanging emissaries and establishing legations. The sources of International law are set out in Article 38-1 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice within the UN Charter.

3)___________________

European Union Law — a sub-discipline of international law known as “supranational law” in which the rights of sovereign nations (5)are limited in relation to one another. Also referred to as the Law of the European Union or Community Law, it is (6) the unique and complex legal system that operates in tandem with the laws of the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Similar to federal states, the EU legal system ensures compliance from the member states (7) because of the Union’s decentralized political nature.

4)_____________________

The European Court of Justice (ECJ), established in 1952 by the Treaty of Paris, has been largely responsible for the development of EU law. Fundamental principles of European Union law include: subsidiary — the notion that issues be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized competent authority; proportionality — the EU may only act to the extent needed to achieve its

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objectives; conferral — the EU is a union of member states, and all its authorities are voluntarily granted by its members; legal certainty — requires that legal rules be clear and precise; and precautionary principle — a moral and political principle stating that if an action or policy might (8)cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of a scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, (9) the burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the action.

2. Найдите английские словосочетания в тексте (1–9). a) нанести серьезный и непоправимый вред,

в) уникальная и сложная правовая система, с) ограничены в отношениях друг с другом,

d)включало возобновление правовых исследования,

e)связаны региональными соглашениями,

f)благодаря децентрализованному политическому характеру,

g)бремя доказывания возлагается на тех, кто,

h)законы неприменимы, когда они противоречат наднациональному праву,

i)управляет правилами, принятыми в качестве обязательных к исполнению государствами в отношении друг друга.

3. Соотнесите русские эквиваленты из правой колонки с английскими словосочетаниями из текста в левой колонке:

a) primarily concerns	1) понятие
b) international entity	2) действует совместно
c) supranational law	3) в первую очередь касается
d) developed alongside	4) наднациональное право
e) international trade	5)	международная торговля
f) operates in tandem	6)	субъект международного права
g) subsidiary	7)	добровольный
h) notion	8) правовая достоверность
i) conferral	9) предупредительный принцип
j) legal certainty	10) второстепенный, вспомогательный
k) precautionary principle	11) развивалось параллельно

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4. Найдите в тексте и объясните, что значат цифры, приведенные ниже.

5.Переведите устно или письменно текст о международном праве, используя лексику предыдущих упражнений.

6.Работа в парах. Обсудите текст с коллегой по группе, используя следующие вопросы в качестве ключевых:

1. Is International law a comparatively new legal system?

2.What are disciplines of international law?

3.What do public, private and supranational law deal with?

4.What are the main factors which influenced the development of international

law?

5.Why the European Union Law is called unique and complex?

6.What are fundamental principles of European Union law?

7.Работа в парах или небольших группах. Прочитайте текст и выскажите свое мнение по следующим вопросам:

TEXT 12

1.What do you think about the necessity of comparative law existence?

2.Do you agree that the law needs to be uniformed?

3.Сan you imagine the possibility of creation of the unique world law system?

COMPARATIVE LAW

This law is newly made one and studies differences and similarities between different jurisdictions, including civil-law systems, common-law systems and religious (or theological) legal systems.

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Comparative law has become of increasing practical importance for two reasons. First, the globalization of world trade means that commercial lawyers are often required to work with colleagues and clients from unfamiliar jurisdictions. The second reason is the increasing harmonization (or unification) of laws between previously separate jurisdictions, as with the European Union and the Union of South American Nations.

This kind of law is closely related to private international law and the harmonization of law. Private international law concerns the applicability of laws in situations involving other jurisdictions. Harmonization of law developed out of a need to simplify these rules, both at a national level and between sovereign states.

One more aspect of comparative law is the idea of uniform law. There are two main sources of international uniform law: The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCC) and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). The Hague Conference, a global intergovernmental organization with over 60 member states, is the leading organization in the area of private international law. An increasing number of non-member states are also becoming parties to the Hague conventions. The statutory mission of the HCC is to work for the progressive unification of private international law in a wide range of areas, from commercial law to international civil procedure and from child protection to matters of marriage and personal status.

8. Прочитайте следующие рекомендации о том, как нужно делать заметки.

NOTES

Making notes in general, taking notes on conversations using different styles of notes, and making notes as a way of planning and preparing documents is a very important side of every day lawyer’s work.

1.It is not a good idea to write your notes in complete sentences. Keep notes short.

2.Use abbreviations. But not so many that you can’t understand your own notes later!

3.Use words like because, therefore, but, or, and to show how ideas are related.

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4.Use the dash — . It’s a very useful punctuation mark in note-making.

5.Use a lot of space — then you can expand your notes later.

6.Put each separate idea on a new line.

7.Use the layout to help make the meaning clear. Use new paragraphs, headings, capital letters and underlining.

9.Работа в парах. Обсудите с коллегой по группе следующие вопросы.

1.Which of the advice do you already follow?

2.Which is the most important tip, as far as you’re concerned?

3.Which tip is the most helpful and the most unhelpful?

10.Переведите следующие рекомендации и выполните задания 1 и 2:

TAKING NOTES

When you listen or read the text you may take notes in a way you like. You can make a scheme or a drawing, you may use separate words or short phrases. All of these things will remind you about events which you want to remember or to put down later.

Задание 1: Сделайте заметки по тексту 9 или 10. Работайте парами. Используйте свои заметки для составления диалогов по текстам. Воспроизведите свой диалог другой паре.

MAKING NOTES

We usually make notes to prepare or to plan something. It may be an event, an action or writing. While making notes, a person uses his own pattern of proposing the situation. It’s a kind of individual brainstorm in solving a problem. In this way you try to note down ideas as they occur to you and show the way they are connected up.

Example: You are traveling abroad. Your possible notes:

1.to apply for visa,

2.to get the visa from the Embassy,

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3.to book the tickets,

4.to collect the things,

5.not to forget to take passport,

6.to book a taxi for the airport.

Задание 2: Работа в группах по 3–4 человека. Используйте метод “making notes” и составьте план проведения студенческой конференции, приема иностранной студенческой делегации или презентации новой студенческой газеты.

11.Работа в парах. Обсудите с коллегой по группе следующие вопросы:

•What do you find difficult about making notes?

•Why is it important to make notes, rather than rely on your memory?

•Do you use a different method of making notes which works well?

•Tell your partners about it.

•Which method of making notes do you prefer? Why?

12.Работа со словарем. Заполните пропуски знаками препинания

вупражнениях А) и Б).

, ! “..” / (…) ? ‘ ‘….’ ; : . -

А) apostrophe ____ brackets / parentheses____ colon____ comma ____

dash____ exclamation mark____ full stop/ period____ hyphen ___ question mark____ semi-colon____ single quotes____ stroke / oblique/ slash_____

quotation marks / inverted commas______

Б) Заполните пропуски названиями, соответствующих знаков препинания.

Example:

1.The words ‘explained’ or ‘illustrated’ in this sentence are between single quotes.

2.A______ marks the end of a sentence.

3.A_________ shows that there is some doubt or a question in what you say.

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4.A _________is used for word-division or word-joining.

5.And it should not be confused with another --- longer --- mark: the________. This is used to separate ideas or words --- usually added as an afterthought.

6.When writers wish to express emphasis or even surprise they use the____. This is no problem.

7.They are used to show what someone actually said something_____.

8.Sometimes you may wish to separate two sentences; but they are somehow closely connected; this is when you can use the_______ instead of the full stop.

9.NOTE: a_______ can help to emphasize what is coming next: to list things: reports, letters, memos and so on.

10.If a person wants to show alternatives, he or she can separate them by using a_____.

11.If you are using words or phrases which are not of primary importance you can placed them between ________.

12.An _______ is used in possessives (Mr. Jones’s) and it’s also used in contractions, isn’t it?

13.Работа в парах. Найдите ошибки, связанные с пунктуацией, в приведенных ниже предложениях и исправьте их.

1.Its important, that your punctuation is correct: because incorrect punctuation and Capital Letters Used Wrongly may confuse your readers’

2.Just like, incorrect spelling incorrect punctuation can be very annoying for your reader who may pay more attention to the mistakes, than to the content of your report or letter.

3.You probably know, that exclamation marks are not used much in business letters! But they are used in advertisements as well as in notes.

4.Contracted forms like Ive and weve are a feature of informal writing. They are not found in most reports or business letters which tend to be fairly formal. If in doubt use the full forms; I have, we have, etc

5.It’s usually easier for a reader to understand short simple sentences rather than long and complicated

14.Внеаудиторная работа. Прочтите текст, переведите его и используйте его информацию при самостоятельной подготовке к презентации

оправовой системе одной из стран мира.

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TEXT 13

Making Presentation in English

While making presentation in class alone or together with your friend, you should do you best to provide common and specific information on the topic you’ve chosen. You should also try to do it in the most effective and understandable way. To be successful, it would be better to observe the following recommendations:

—first of all, make a plan which will include the introduction, the body of presentation and the conclusion. Make notes in order to widen every item and not to forget the details;

—usual time frame is 5-7 minutes (for the audience not to feel tired);

—use the words and phrases from the list given below for your classmates to be interested in your topic and not to loose the line of you logic;

—watch the audience (!) and evaluate the impression you produce, emphasize the most important items and even repeat them to make your speech brighter and more attractive;

—always be ready for questions and even initiate them yourself to explain the most difficult for understanding spaces;

—if it is possible, use some pictures, diagrams, video or audio fragments to make your story vivid and alive;

—don’t forget to thank your audience for listening to you.

Typical phrases we use in presentations: For the introduction:

Greeting:

Good morning, everyone. Let me introduce myself…

I’d like to introduce my colleagues… The purpose of presentation:

My purpose today is to… I’ll be talking about…

The subject of my presentation is … The presentation is divide into ___ parts. Firstly, I’ll speak about…

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