Тема VIII.

BSGV AS A TYPICAL ILLUSTRATION OF THE FINANCIAL COOPERATION WITH RUSSIA

Old traditions – new prospects of BSGV

(Banque Societe Genaral Vostok)

This 2004 year inaugurates the second decade of Banque Societй Generale Vostok (BSGV) presence in Russia. In fact, Societй Generale, the French banking group, entered the Russian market back in the late 19^th century when its largest branch, then Russian-Asian Bank, was set up to provide purely commercial as well as investment services. The last branch out of 175, which were operating in all parts of the Russian Empire and symbolized the success of the Russian economy and promising cooperation between the two parts of Europe, was closed down in Vladivostok in 1921.

The modern history of Societй Generale in Russia began in 1973 when a representative office was opened in Moscow. In 1993, Banque Societй Generale Vostok, a 100 percent subsidiary of the French banking group, became one of the first foreign banks to get the general license of the Central Bank of Russia.

Nowadays, Societй Generale is the 6^th banking group in the EU and the 10^th in the world by its assets. It has over 300 billion euro under management providing services to 15 million private clients all over the world and has the rating Aa3 of Moody’ s.

Until 2003, BSGV provided services only to corporate clients and achieved great results in this banking sector. The clientele includes Gazprom, LUKoil, Alrosa and others. Rendering a wide spectrum of services, the BSGV provided financing for the sum of about US$1 billion in 2001 to 2002. In 2002, the Trade Finance Magazine recognized Societй Generale as the best bank in export financing, awarding it with this honorary title for the 4^th time since the award was established in 1995. The BSGV is constantly enlarging its spheres of activity: it is extending credits now not only to large but also small and medium size businesses and its financing leasing operations on a large scale.

The bank is offering new sets of finance products, adapting them to the developing and improving Russian finance market and to the more complex needs of its clientele.

Last November the BSGV started to service individual clients. By the of 2005, the bank plans to have 26 offices in Moscow, in St. Petersburg and 2 in the regions and up to 75 thousand accounts for private customers. BSGV offers such banking services as opening and management of accounts, issuance and service of VISA plastic cards, consumer and car loans as well as mortgage.

Step by step, BSGV is successfully implementing its broad scale plans and ideas. The long-term international experience and profound knowledge of the Russian market lay a special emphasis on this bank, making it the most attractive for corporate as well as individual clients,

Notes:

Banque Societй Genaral Vostok (BSGV) – Банк Сосьете Женераль Восток;

the Russian-Asian Bank – Русско-Азиатский Банк;

the bank group Societй Generale – банковская группа Сосьете Женераль.

Active vocabulary:

to award somebody with the honorary title – присудить кому-либо почетное звание;

leasing operations – лизинговые операции;

bank group – банковская группа;

to implement broad-scale plans – воплощать широкомасштабные планы в жизнь;

long-term international experience – многолетний международный опыт;

issuance and service of plastic cards – выпуск и обслуживание пластиковых карточек;

credit card expense – плата за оформление кредитной карточки;

to render a wide spectrum of services – предлагать широкий спектр услуг;

to symbolize promising cooperation – символизировать многообещающее сотрудничество;

subsidiary – дочернее предприятие, компания; филиал;

to enlarge spheres of activity – расширить сферу деятельности;

to allow, to furnish, to give, to provide a credit – предоставлять кредит;

to grant a credit – выделять кредит;

to arrange a credit – договориться о предоставлении кредита;

to draw a credit – использовать кредит;

to extend, to prolong a credit – продлевать кредит.

Exercise 1. Translate the following using the following information:

asset, assets

asset (colloquial) – something or someone useful or helpful; an advantage;

asset (n) – имущество, synonym property;

personal assets (pl) – движимое имущество;

assets (pl) – средства, фонды, авуары (средства банка), syn. funds, capital;

A.

1. The new manager is a great asset to the business.

2. It is an asset to be near a railway station.

3. The company was forced to sell off its assets.

4. The factory is the most valuable asset.

5. She is an enormous asset to the team.

6. The President’s chief asset is his reputation.

7. His assets included shares in the company and a house in France.

8. I think Rachel would be an asset to the department.

9. A sense of humor is a real asset in this business.

10. On her death, she wants all her personal assets to go to her husband.

11. With assets of just under $ 1 million, the business is still relatively small.

12. A company’s assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software.

13. The tourist industry requires that the country’s cultural assets be made more accessible.

1. Bow windows * are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted.

2. She will be an asset to any school she attends.

3. The courts can order a company’s assets to be frozen.

4. The business disposed of all its capital assets *.

5. The company is badly managed but its capital assets are of great value.

6. The company has capital assets worth $ 5 million.

7. They have hidden assets in banks around the world.

bow window – эркер

capital assets – основные средства (= an item such as land, a machine, a building or a vehicle belonging to a business and expected to last a long time)

B.

1. имущество, достояние, капитал;

2. личное имущество, движимое имущество;

3. юридическое имущество, наследство, из которого могут быть выплачены долги;

4. имущество несостоятельного должника;

5. ценное качество, плюс; здоровье – большое благо

Exercise 2. Give Russian equivalents of the following to go with the words, make up sentences of your own with some collocations:

assets

1. to accumulate, to acquire, to build up, to draw on, to freeze, to impound *, to own, to pile up *, to possess, to recover, to release, to seize, to sequestrate *, to squander *, to strip somebody of assets

2. assets are tied up (in…), declined, disappeared, dwindled, grew, shrank

3. capital, considerable, extensive, frozen, liquid, movable, solid, (in)tangible, valuable assets

to impound – юр.конфисковать;

to pile up – накапливать, наращивать, увеличивать;

to sequestrate – конфисковать, налагать арест на;

to squander – растрачивать, непроизводительно использовать.

Exercise 3. Translate the following into English basing on the text:

инвестиционный банк, открытие представительства, выполнять чисто коммерческие функции, 100-процентное дочернее предприятие банковской группы, обслуживать частных клиентов, согласно рейтингу, достигать отличных результатов, обеспечить финансирование, банковский сектор, расширять набор предлагаемых финансовых продуктов, адаптироваться к условиям постоянно совершенствующегося рынка, продлевать кредит, присудить кому-либо почетное звание, символизировать многообещающее сотрудничество, воплощать широкомасштабные планы в жизнь, многолетний международный опыт, покупка товаров широкого потребления, ведение текущих счетов, глубокое знание рынка, делать наиболее привлекательным для корпоративных клиентов, предлагать широкий спектр услуг, иметь многолетний международный опыт в банковской сфере.

Exercise 4. Study the following information about the word combinations with the verb to offer and make up sentences of your own with some of them:

offer – 1. выдвигать, предлагать; 2. пытаться (делать что-либо); оказывать сопротивление

to offer assistance/aid/help – предлагать помощь

to offer compensation – предлагать возмещение

to offer a guarantee – предлагать гарантию

to offer a plan – выдвигать план

to offer security – предлагать гарантированное обеспечение

to offer something for consideration/discussion – предлагать что-либо для рассмотрения / обсуждения

to offer for sale – выставлять, предлагать на продажу

to offer one’s congratulations – поздравлять

to offer an apology – приносить извинения

when occasion offers – при удобном случае

to offer rebuff to somebody – оказать, дать отпор кому-либо

to offer resistance – оказывать сопротивление

to offer violence – пытаться действовать насильственными методами (совершать насилие или угрожать насилием)

Exercise 5. Translate the following keeping close to the text paying special attention to the italicized words:

1. Наступивший год знаменует второе десятилетие присутствия “Банка Сосьете Женераль Восток” на российском рынке.

2. Новейшая история “Сосьете Женераль” в России началась в 1973 с открытия в Москве его представительства, символизирующего многообeщающее сотрудничество между двумя частями Европы.

3. В 1993 году “Банк Сосьете Женераль Восток”, 100-процентное дочернее предприятие французской банковской группы, стал одним из первых иностранных банков, получивших генеральную лицензию Центробанка России.

4. На сегодняшний день “Сосьете Женераль” занимает шестую строчку в рейтинге банковских групп ЕС и десятую – по активам в мире.

5. Группа имеет свыше 300 миллиардов евро в управлении, обслуживая около 15 миллионов клиентов по всему миру.

6. Предлагая широкий спектр услуг, в 2001–2002 годах BSGV обеспечил финансирование на сумму 1 миллиарда долларов.

7. BSGV постоянно расширяет сферу деятельности: сейчас он представляет кредиты не только крупным компаниям, но и средним и малым, предприятиям, а также финансирует лизинговые операции.

8. Банк постоянно расширяет набор предлагаемых финансовых продуктов, адаптируя их к условиям постоянно совершенствующего российского финансового рынка и к все более комплексным потребностям своих клиентов.

9. BSGV предлагает такие банковские услуги, как открытие и ведение текущих счетов, выпуск и обслуживание пластиковых карт, представление кредитов на покупку товаров широкого потребления, машин и квартир.

10. Многолетний международный опыт и глубокое знание российского рынка выгодно отличает этот банк, делая его наиболее привлекательным как для корпоративных, так и частных клиентов.

Exercise 6. Give a verb and an attribute for each noun if possible consulting a dictionary if necessary paying attention to ways of translation:

provision – to provide, provisional, provider

1. confession 11. exclusion 21. limitation 31. pollution

2. depression 12. explosion 22. abolition 32. accusation

3. globalization 13. intrusion 23. cohesion 33. privatization

4. discussion 14. intrusion 24. diversion 34. quotation

5. impression 15. seclusion 25. expansion 35. allegation

6. possession 16. confusion 26. extension 36. expiration

7. profession 17. immersion 27. complication 37. starvation

8. collision 18. repulsion 28. delegation 38. adaptation

9. conclusion 19. revision 29. federation 39. flotation

10. decision 20. admission 30. operation 40. identification

Exercise 7. Study the information below and translate what follows:

prospect – 1. chance/hope that something will happen

2. idea of what may/will happen

3. prospects = chances of being successful

A.

1. There is little prospect of any improvement in the weather.

2. Major developments are in prospect for the company.

3. I don’t relish* the prospect of having to share an office.

4. He didn’t relish the prospect of having to explain his behavior.

5. This position offers a good starting salary and excellent promotion prospects.

6. Getting the right qualifications will enhance your employment prospects.

7. At 45 he was an unemployed musician with no prospects.

8. Long-term prospects for the economy have improved.

9. Their prospects of employment look better than last year.

10. Your employment prospects would be much better if you finished your degree.

11. She is one of the our brightest young prospects.

12. The prospects for employment in the technology sector are especially good right now.

B.

планы на будущее; перспективы мира и разрядки; перспективы развития экономических отношений; широкие перспективы развития долгосрочных банковских отношений; краткосрочная перспектива подъема в экономике; определять перспективы развития финансирования; ухудшить перспективы возможности кредитования; что в перспективе?

to relish* – to enjoy, to be pleased and satisfied with

Exercise 8. A) Read and summarize the text using the underlined words and word combinations; B) Translate what follows without looking into the text:

A.

For 17 years, Mr. Perhirin, a graduate of Nantes University in France with degree in economics, held management positions with Societй Generale Group’s divisions in France, London, Melbourne, Tokyo and Madrid. In 1993, he came to Moscow to open Societй Generale Vostok, the group’ s subsidiary in Moscow. The experience gained by Mr. Perhirin in international banking operations enabled him to join Austrian Raiffeisen Banking Group in 1996 to open their subsidiary in Russia..

Thanks largely to Mr. Perhirin management, ZAO Raiffeisenbank Austria has become a leading foreign-owned bank in Russia which enjoys high respect among corporate and private customers. At present, the Bank disposes of 10 business locations in Moscow, a regional branch in Saint Petersburg , it is also running a leasing company, a non-state pension fund Raiffeisen and Raiffeisen Capital Asset Management Company.

Busy as he was with professional banking, Mr. Perhirin found time for lobbying general interests of European businesses in Russia. He is a member of the boards of the Club France in Moscow and Conseiller du Commerce Exterieur de la France, in 1998-2001 he was Chairman of the Banking Committee of the European Business Club, and represented Austria in the Club in 2001-2002.

Members of the Association of European Businesses in Russia (AEB), formerly the European Business Club, elected Mr. Perhirin to chair the Executive Board in June 2004. Mr. Perhirin believes that his major challenge as the AEB chairman is to enhance closer business links between Europe and Russia, especially now when it shares borders with the enlarged European Union. Conceived in 1995, the AEB has since developed into an influential, prominent and trusted force in Russian business: an association, which today not only adapts to, but also shapes the landscape of which its members are all a part.

B.

выпускник по специальности экономика; работать на руководящих постах в подразделениях; открыть дочерний банк; накопить опыт работы на российском рынке; возглавить дочернюю структуру австрийской банковской группы; в значительной мере благодаря умелому руководству; стать одним из ведущих российских банков с иностранным участием; завоевать авторитет среди корпоративных и частных клиентов; управлять лизинговой компанией; негосударственный пенсионный фонд; активно лоббировать общие интересы; быть членом правления; считать главной задачей содействие установлению более тесных деловых связей; иметь общую границу; стать известной, влиятельной и пользующейся доверием силой; помогать приспосабливаться к условиям бизнеса в России, но и активно формировать эти условия

Exercise 9. Give extensive reports on the following topics and find out some other examples in the current press media:

1. The EU broadening financial collaboration in Russia.

2. Combined efforts in the bank sphere.

3. Give the outline of the banking functioning.

PROSPECTS OF FURTHER ENLARGEMENT

Where are the EU' s final Borders

Following its recent enlargement from 15 to 25 states, the EU faces the question of whether and whither to expand next. Support for further enlargement within the EU is limited and the EU is preoccupied with a host of internal problems. Irrespective of the present mood, however, the 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania cannot now be stopped. And by the end of the year, the EU must decide whether to open negotiations with Turkey, which poses special challenges.

The EU has indicated that it is also ready to take in the rest of the Balkan countries. Croatia has received a favourable opinion on its membership application and Macedonia recently also applied for membership. While the prospects of the other countries in the Balkans appear more distant, their small size and EU fears of leaving a black hole in a strategic part of Europe suggest that the entire sub-region will be absorbed at some point.

Beyond the Balkans and possibly Turkey, the EU membership prospects for other countries appear bleak.

The EU is shifting its focus from enlargement to partnership with neighboring states. On May 12, the European Commission published a strategy document for its "new neighbors". The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), which was first outlined in 2003, offers closer ties to neighbors willing "to share EU values." It promises trade, political dialogue and aid. Neighbors are to be offered, with conditions, the prospect of eventual full participation in the EU' s market for goods, capital and even labor – but not membership in EU institutions.

The defining feature of ENP is "integration, not membership." It is to apply to Ukraine, Moldova and several Mediterranean states. The commission also wants to include the three Southern Caucasus countries.

The first problem with the ENP, however, is that the EU' s most powerful tool for influencing other countries is the offer of the prospect of membership – it is the essence of the EU's "soft power." The offer of "everything but institutions" will not be a sufficient incentive for neighboring countries' elites to pursue "EU-compliant" policies. The extent of conditionality and the degree of intrusion in the ENP – in return for mere trade relations and some aid – will be seen as illegitimate by target states.

One of the ENP' s biggest problems is that of omission – the lack of a clear strategy for Russia, the EU' s largest neighbor. The EU cannot make up its mind whether to treat Russia as the hegemonic leader of a rival bloc or just another country aspiring to bilateral ties. The near crisis in relations

The EU and Russia talk of a strategic partnership, but there is little substance to it. A failure to integrate Russia into a wider Europe will eventually spell trouble. Indeed, secure peace and prosperity in Europe are scarcely imaginable without Russia's participation in the European "architecture". This means not only developing a viable near-term partnership between the EU and Russia, but also sketching out a vision of what that partnership should lead to. This might appear a pointless exercise, given that any post-partnership future appears very remote, but goals for the future affect the direction of developments today.

The EU and Russia need to start thinking about a joint venture. Today, the idea of Russian EU membership or of an all-European, post-EU organization appears unthinkable. For one, the EU-Russian gulf in values and interests is at present enormous, and increasing with the most recent internal trends in Russia.

Yet the idea of two European blocs – the EU and a Russia-led CIS-is unlikely to take hold, as much of the CIS will be subject to the strong of the EU. And once oil prices fall, Russia will look much less like a potential powerhouse and viable hub of an alternative bloc. The EU aim has been to avoid new divisions in Europe, but mere cooperation will not forestall this. The same logic that propelled the latest EU enlargement dictates the need for further enlargement.

The formation of an all-European EU would imply profound changes in the EU, as well as Russia and other CIS states.

In one sense, the shape of the future may already exist in Russia's insistence that it have a say in EU decision-making. The EU, however, opposed to giving nonmembers a seat at the table. The only way to square that circle in for Russia and the present EU states to be members of the same organization.

At the moment, the dominant EU and Russian views are that partnership is the most that should be expected.

The EU consensus, which will be strengthened by the new member states with their historical baggage, is that Russia will never be a member of the EU. And Russia today does not aspire to EU membership.

There was , however, a brief period some years ago when there was an almost euphoric emphasis in Russia on a Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals (and beyond), common culture and destiny. Then the emphasis shifted to the CIS, and the primary strategic relationship was with the United States.

Today's dominant paradigm insists on Russia's uniqueness and great power status. There is still the occasional statement that Russia might one day apply for EU membership, but it is aired less frequently than a few years ago.

There is, however, a possibility that all this could change dramatically in the near future as a result of the ever-increasing economic importance of the EU: an eventual acceptance that Russia cannot recover superpower status: the increasing pull on the Western CIS of EU ties and an awareness that this could cause destructive competition between Russia and the EU; and the realization in Russia that the alternative to integration may be dreaded isolation.

For the EU nations, the potential security and economic gains from including Russia, as well as other CIS states, in the EU or a successor organization could be immense. It would help secure the currently very shaky fate of democratic and market reforms on Europe's bargaining power vis-а-vis other blocs. It is said that the may enlargement – following on from the single market and the euro – has left the EU without a "Big Idea". The next big project for the EU could well be to start thinking about its own supersession by an inclusive, new all-European organization.

This would inevitably be a multi-speed organization, which the current EU would become in any case. The project would be to build a commonwealth rather than an empire, which is the model of the ENP.

Despite its misgivings, the European Union is preparing to admit Romania. Core Europe, meet poor Europe. Romania and Bulgaria look ever more likely to join the EU in 2007, after being left out of this year’ s enlargement because they were to slow over political and economic reforms. Bulgaria’ s entry is the most assured, following the good marks it won in the European Commission’ s progress report. The Bulgarians now hope that the next summit will fix a date for signing their accession treaty early next year.

Romania’s progress has been wobblier. Unlike Bulgaria, it has yet to finish formal talks with the EU, though it hopes to do so by the end of the year. The negotiations are mainly about identifying areas where a candidate country can readily implement the EU’ s rule-book, and areas where it needs more time and help. Romania is still negotiating on competition policy, the environment, and justice and home affairs, where it will have the biggest problems meeting EU standards.

Romania’s life is complicated by the fact that it faces both parliamentary and presidential elections on November 28^th. There is still a long way to go. Romania has the lowest income per person in central Europe, the worst environmental standards, the biggest tax arrears, the most pervasive corruption, the highest infant mortality and the lowest education spending. Its judicial system is a mess, its media freedom questionable, and its labour so dysfunctional as to constitute “a human-asset paralysis”, in the words of a World Bank report.

The EU talks of adding a clause to Romania’s accession treaty to permit a year’s postponement, until 2008, should Romania have serious last-minute problems. But this is a fig-leaf of comically inadequate proportions. The EU has chivvied Romania along until it has reached roughly the standards and habits of the Italian south in 1960s. Now it is going to let the country in largely on trust, knowing that reforms promised today will be implemented only in years, even decades, to come. If Romania were not such a likeable and spirited place, that might seem a touch rash.

Turkey will have to accept tough conditions, including de facto recognition of Cyprus and possible permanent restrictions on labor migration, to ensure the start of European Union membership talks, a draft EU summit statement said.

The draft, circulated by the Dutch EU presidency, left the crucial wording of the decision on whether and when to open entry negotiations with Ankara blank for leaders to fill in at a Dec. 16-17 summit.

It welcomed “the decisive progress made by Turkey in its far-reaching reform process” but set a strict framework for negotiations and said talks could not be concluded until the bloc had agreed on its post-2014 budget.

Notes:

bleak – (of a situation) not hopeful or encouraging, depressing: a bleak outlook/prospect: The future looks bleak.

host of – multitude: a host of difficulties.

hub – the central and most important part of an area, system etc., which all other parts are connected to; центр внимания: York used to be the hub of a vast rail network.

misgiving – doubt or anxiety about the outcome or consequences of something: to feel a sense of misgiving; опасение; дурное предчувствие

paradigm – formal a very clear or typical example of something: paradigm for others to copy, shifting paradigms of morality.

whither- куда; wither away? куда держите путь?; wither Europe? куда идет Европа?

to chivvy (also chevy) – (participle past chivvied, chivied) coll. гонять/подгонять; to ask somebody repeatedly to do something, often in an annoying way: If you don’t chivvy the others along/up we’ll never get there on time.

to leave blank – (of a document, etc.) to leave with empty spaces for writing answers, a signature etc.: a blank form

Active Vocabulary:

arrears – 1. отставание (в работе); 2. просрочка;

to air – 1. to ventilate проветривать, to dry высушить; 2. to air one's knowledge – выставлять напоказ свои знания; to air one's grievances – высказать, высказывать свое недовольство;

compliant – уступчивый, податливый, послушный; угодливый;

compliance – 1. выполнение, соблюдение (положения, договора); 2. согласие;

supervision of compliance – наблюдение за выполнением (соглашения);

to assure compliance – гарантировать выполнение;

to check up on somebody' s compliance with the treaty – проверить выполнение договора кем-либо;

to ensure compliance with treaty obligations – обеспечить выполнение обязательств по договору;

compliance to give evidence as a witness – согласие дать свидетельские показания;

hegemonic – руководящий, господствующий;

hub – центр внимания, интереса или деятельности;

to forestall – предупреждать; предвосхищать, опережать;

to forestall the market – скупать товары ( с целью повышения цен);

incentive – 1. побудительный мотив, стимул, побуждениe;

to give somebody incentives – дать стимул кому-либо;

to eliminate the incentive to the production of all kinds of weapons – устранить стимул для производства всех видов оружия

incentive – 2. pl экономические побудители, премиальные системы оплаты труда;

incentive – 3. поощрение, льгота;

economic(al) ~ – экономический стимул; экономическое стимулирование;

export ~ – стимулирование, поощрение экспорта; экспортные льготы;

incentive pay – поощрительная оплата;

incentive wage – амер. прогрессивная система заработной оплаты;

material ~ – материальный стимул; материальная заинтересованность;

price incentives – ценовые стимулы;

production incentives – производственные стимулы;

tax incentives – налоговые стимулы;

power house, powerhouse – центр власти, влияния; место, где решаются вопросы, определяется линия действия и т.п.

pervasive – пронизывающий, распространенный.

Exercise 1. Give Russian equivalents:

to be preoccupied with a host of internal problems; to secure the currently very shaky fate of democratic and market reforms; to secure peace and prosperity in Europe; to be a potential powerhouse and viable hub of an alternative bloc; the degree of intrusion; to dictate the need for further enlargement; to be a powerful tool for influencing other countries; to cause destructive competition between the countries; to recover superpower status; to build a commonwealth rather than an empire; to imply profound changes; to cushion the blow; to accept though conditions; to include de facto recognition; permanent restrictions on labor migration; a far-reaching reform process; to set a strict framework for something; to open entry negotiations with somebody; to leave blank

Exercise 2. Study the following information about the polysemous (=a polysemous word has two or more different meanings) verb to spell and translate what follows:

to spell

1. to write or name letters in sequence;

2. to spell out: to decipher slowly; fig. make explicit разжевывать, точно детально объяснять; My request seems simple enough – do you want me to spell it out for you?

3. of letters: to make up;

4. to signify;

5. to relieve, сменять, сменить

Translate the following:

1. Как пишется ваша фамилия? 2. Он даже не может правильно написать свой адрес! 3. Когда вы научитесь писать без ошибок? 4. Я с трудом разбираю, что здесь написано. 5. Какое слово составляют эти буквы? 6. Эти перемены сулят несчастье. 7. Это будет означать попытку сторон сблизить различные точки зрения и разрешить разногласия по данному вопросу. 8. Мы произносим не так, как пишем. 9. У него хромает орфография (он с орфографией не в ладах)(to be a poor speller). 10. Разъясните, пожалуйста, четко, какие конкретные шаги в области активизации отношений между странами ЕС и Россией были предприняты за последние пять лет?

Exercise 3. Learn the following collocations with to spell and to spell out and make up sentences of your own:

(collocation – is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing)

to spell

Adverb: correctly, wrongly

Prepositions: 1. as The article spelled 'survey' as 'servay'. 2. with Is 'necessary' spelt with one 's', or two?

Phrasal verb to spell something out:

Adverb: clearly/fully/in detail/exactly precisely; She spelled out precisely what she wanted.

Preposition: for; Do you really have to spell it out for you? to His speech spelled out a clear message to the car industry.

Exercise 4. Study the inversion usage with the modal should and translate what follows:

An inversion of subject and verb may be used instead of if in the conditional clause: Should you need my assistance, just let me know. (= If you should need my assistance, just let me know.) This happens with were and had; very rarely with other auxiliary verbs.

This type of inversion occurs in both the written language and (though less commonly) the spoken.

Придаточные предложения условия с формой should + инфинитив при переводе на русский язык обычно начинаются со словами в случае если бы…

Translate the following:

1. The EU talks of adding a clause to Romania’s accession treaty to permit a year’ s postponement, until 2008, should Romania have serious last-minute problems.

2. Should EU leaders nominate a new president of the European Commission for the next five years, the constitution would not be the only subject on the agenda.

3. Should this be a dominant subject at any normal summit, the agreement could be reached at once.

4. Should the debate become less genteel, the work of all those worthy committees on fish quotas and chemical regulations could be disrupted.

5. Should the parliament become more reflective of the true breadth of European opinion, in all its diversity, this week’s elections could yet raise its standing in Europe.

6. Should it be unacceptable to smaller countries, the likely outcome would be a compromise and every country would keep a commissioner until 2014, at which point the commission would shrink to 18 members.

Exercise 5. Read the text below and then give a brief report addressing the listeners using the following helpful phrases:

Topic sentence

This report centers on, around, round, upon/

deals with/devotes considerable more attention to/

is oriented forward to… Этот доклад посвящен…

Firstly, I would like to point out…	Прежде всего хотелось бы отметить…
First of all, I ‘ d like to focus on…	Прежде всего хотелось бы остановиться на…
The major point is. …	Основной вопрос…
I must say that …	Надо сказать, что…
Developers
Let’s go point by point…	Давайте обсудим пункт за пунктом…
First comes…	Прежде всего, начнем…
In view of the above…	Ввиду вышеизложенного…
We can now look at…	Теперь мы можем обсудить…
Restatement
Now it is obvious that…	Теперь ясно, что…
So, to make a long story short…	Итак, если кратко изложить суть…
So, I have every good reason to believe that…	Итак, у меня есть все основания считать, что…

Further contradictions inside

In reality, there were two summits. There was the intergovernmental conference that settled the constitution with surprising good humor. It was driven in no small part by the punishment suffered by almost all the EU leaders in the European elections. There were desperate to demonstrate that they were capable of acting and not merely talking.

But the other summit was both more divisive and more revealing. It was the dinner when Europe’s leaders tried and failed to agree on who should be the next president of the European Commission. And if two politicians could be singled out for blame in what was a low point for EU decision-making, they would be Blair and Chirac.

Both lack a clear vision of what sort of EU they want. Both are trying to defend outdated national positions that are being eroded within and outside Europe. Each resents other, and has allowed the poison of their disagreement over Iraq to infect their relations across the European spectrum. In trying to gather allies for their personal power contest, they are aggravating tensions within the EU.

Take the issue of the commission president. As head of the EU executive, this person plays a vital role in ensuring that the union is effective, relevant and dynamic.

The past two presidents, Romano Prodi and Jacques Santer, have disappointed. The present commission contains many impressive individuals, but has lacked direction. It delivered EU enlargement, but failed to take a lead on the constitution.

A clear-sighted president who can gain the confidence of all leaders, weld a team together in Brussels and woo the many factions in the European parliament is urgently needed.

Instead, Blair and Chirac blocked each other last week, and two good candidates bit the dust. Blair blocked Chirac’s choice – Guy Verhofstadt, the Belgian prime minister – mainly because he would have aroused the fury of the euroskeptic British media as a so-called “federalist.” France and Germany – for the divisions of Europe.

After the summit, Blair made great play of his success in putting together a coalition of countries that were determined to resist the creation of a “federal superstate” in the European constitutional treaty.

Yet there is not a single EU leader who would genuinely espouse that cause. No one wants a European superstate: it is a euroskeptic fantasy, not a europhile ambition.

What the constitutional negotiations have really done is open the way for a multi-speed EU. There will be a first-class EU for those who are members of all its clubs, such as the euro, Schengen, a common defense policy and the like. France will definitely be in there, along with most of the founder members.

Second-class Europe will be for those who want to pick and choose¹ to be members of some clubs but not all.

Britain is in the outer group by conscious choice, as are Denmark and Sweden – they do not want to be in the eurozone, for a start. The new member states are in danger of being stuck with second-class status, whether they like it or not, because the entry barriers to the core group will get steadily higher.

It is not clear to what extent closer cooperation will succeed in a core group.

Moves toward it in fiscal policy, for example, anathema to Britain, would also be opposed by Italy and Ireland inside the Eurozone. But if decision-making at 25 grinds to halt, France will not be alone in wanting to press ahead on social policy, for example, and coordination of justice and home affairs.

For the time being, that looks like solution that suits both London and Paris, as each jealously defends its own sphere of influence. But it will institutionalize the divide through the heart of the EU, just as enlargement is supposed to be reuniting the continent. It is a dangerous move for future European stability and solidarity.

Exercise 6. Comment on the reports presented by the students in exercise 4.

Make use of the following phrases giving some approval or criticism:

I support the view of…	Я поддерживаю точку зрения…
With this in mind…	Имея это ввиду…
All in all, my impression is…	В целом мое впечатление…
(Not) to be up to the mark	(Не) быть на хорошем уровне
To be quite at home in the subject	Хорошо владеть предметом
To be concise and to the point	Быть кратким и точным по сути
To be well-structured	Быть хорошо спланированным
To have a good (poor) command of the language	Хорошо (неважно) владеть языком
I hold (am of) the same opinion	Я придерживаюсь того же мнения
To give one’s point of view	Высказать точку зрения
To be up to a point inconsistent	Быть до известной степени непоследовательным
That is beside the point	Не в этом суть/дело
He carried his point	Он отстоял свою точку зрения/ идею
To come to the point	Дойти до главного/сути дела
His remarks lack point	Его замечания недостаточно конкретны
You missed the point	Вы не поняли сути дела
That’s not the point	Не в этом суть дела
He is off the point	Он говорит не по существу
We agree on certain points	По некоторым вопросам мы сходимся
I suppose we can stretch a point	Я полагаю, мы можем сделать скидку

Exercise 7. Translate the following using the active vocabulary:

1. В связи расширением Европейского Союза возникло множество проблем экономического характера.

2. В переговорах на высшем уровне в центре внимания был вопрос торгово-экономического характера.

3. Благодаря общим усилиям и решительным инициативам отношения между нашими странами развиваются с нарастающей интенсивностью (to develop at an accelerating pace).

4. Стимулирование экспорта, производственные, налоговые и ценовые стимулы имеют большое значение для придания импульса процессу преодоления рисков для экономической стабильности в Европе.

5. Были проведены встречи, которые предусматривают соблюдение выполнения обязательств по долгосрочному договору.

6. Встречи наглядно показали (to demonstrate vividly) близость (closeness) и схожесть (similarity) позиций двух стран по основным международным и региональным вопросам, договорились принять неотложные меры по устранению стимулов для производства всех видов оружия.

7. Приоритетное (господствующее) место в двусторонних отношениях занимает экономическое сотрудничество, оно активно развивается на основе взаимной выгоды в различных сферах двустороннего плана: от торговли до инвестиций, от энергетики до транспортных услуг и туризма.

8. Одним из общепризнанных ( one of the generally recognized) факторов, влияющих на улучшение деятельности учреждений, является существенное укрепление принципа материальной заинтересованности.

A BIG STEP TOWARDS WTO MEMBERSHIP – APPROVAL OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

(The Economist May 29^th, 2004; )

After years of deadlock, the main obstacle to Russia's admission to the World Trade Organization (WTO) vanished with mysterious ease. On May 21^st Pascal Lamy, the European Union's trade chief, and German Gref, the Russian economy minister, struck a deal.

Among other things, the Russians promised to raise gas prices for domestic industry from around $30 per thousand cubic meters to $49-57 by the end of 2010.

This was a big win for Russia. The EU' s original target – that domestic gas prices be raised to match export prices of over $100, which Europe pays for most of its Russian gas – is so far in the future as to be out of sight. Russia also secured relaxed timetables elsewhere. It has until 2007 to liberalize its telecoms market, and it may well take longer before competitors to the state-owned Rostelecom get licences and set up shop. It also has until 2013 to clean up or scrap its over priced and murky system of over-flight fees for foreign airlines.

What did the EU get in return for its sudden generosity? The answer is unclear. On the day of announcement, Russia seamed to come out strongly in favour of ratifying the Kyoto protocol on climate change, because " the EU has met us halfway in talks over the WTO." The protocol needs ratification by Russia if it is to come into force. If it happened, it would be a huge coup for the Europeans over the Americans, who have refused to ratify Kyoto.

Yet EU officials say that the Russians never raised Kyoto as a bargaining chip. And Mr Putin left a big hole by saying that ratification still depended on the exact conditions. His chef economic adviser, Andrei Illarionov, continues to rail against Kyoto, which says will hold back Russia's growth. "My opinion has not changed," he said this week, adding cryptically "and it's not only my opinion." He would not be drawn further, saying only "when I am free to add something, it will be loud and clear.'

Russia must still negotiate WTO entry with other members, including America, which will push for a crackdown on software and music piracy. But the EU was the biggest problem. If it does collect all the necessary approvals for WTO entry, late next year or in 2006, headline promises will matter less than the general framework that membership imposes. "Russia will need to change lots of laws to bring customs codes and other things in line," says Al Breach of Brunswick UBS, a Moscow investment bank. Although some bits of Russian industry, such as cars, will struggle to stay afloat in the WTO, others that Russia has barely developed, such as telecoms and financial services, will benefit an influx of foreign investors drawn by the promise of clearer rules. "Russia wants foreign entrants more than most WTO countries," says Mr. Breach.

Russia has “a tremendous amount of work” to do to reach a deal with the USA and other trading partners on its entry into the World Trade Organization. The official, who spoke on condition that she not be identified, said U.S. and Russian negotiators made some progress in talks on Moscow’s bid, but “nothing Earth-shattering.”

Russia is the biggest economy outside the WTO. It has set a goal of wrapping up bilateral market access negotiations by the end of the year. She noted that Russia also has not finished negotiations with Japan, Canada and Switzerland, even though it has wrapped up deals with the European Union, China and South Korea.

The Unites States is also playing a lead role in the multilateral negotiations on Russia’s accession, which cover areas such as copyright protections and food safety rules.

Many U.S. farm groups are wary that Moscow could undermine any bilateral commitments it makes to reduce tariffs on meat and poultry by maintaining food safety regulations that do not comply with WTO rules, she said. Talks between the USA and Russia on agricultural issues have not been “as promising as one would hope,” the U.S. official said.

The sudden agreement by EU negotiators in May to approve Russia’s WTO application was seen by many as trade-off for Russian support of Kyoto. On September 30, the Russian Cabinet approved the protocol’s ratification and sent a draft bill to the State Duma for approval before the year’s end.

The aim of the Kyoto is that nations should reduce their industrial emissions of carbon dioxide, the main gas causing the greenhouse effect and hence global warming. The target is to reduce levels to below those of 1990 before 2012, and the carrot held out to countries able to achieve that target is the permission to sell “emission rights” (“hot air” in the Kyoto jargon) to countries that are still over-emitting by the cut-off date. Kyoto can be activated as soon countries that represented over 55 percent of 1990 emissions have signed. The EU and some countries are already on board, but the US has refused to join and Russia can tip the balance.

In return for supporting Kyoto, Moscow gained approval of the terms that Russia will propose to the WTO in its application for entry. Bilateral agreements with WTO members are needed before an application to the organization as a whole is made, and negotiations with the EU, which accounts for over half of all Russian foreign trade (after Union enlargement), were seen as the toughest stage in this process.

The terms finally accepted by the EU include lowering Russian tariffs on some imports, particularly machinery, but that is probably as beneficial for Russia as for Europe, since rebuilding Russia’s industrial capacity will depend on affordable Western capital. The most striking part of agreement, and the part most appealing to Russia, is the EU’ s abandonment of its earlier demand that Russia stop subsidizing its industry with fuel prices that are far below international levels. Instead, the EU bargainers accepted a Russian pledge to gradually increase fuel prices, but to cost-covering rather than to world levels. In particular, the domestic gas price will rise to a level still below half of its current international price, and that no earlier than 2010.

Notes:

to come out (phrasal verb) – to declare yourself publicly, especially to be in favour of or against a plan, belief etc.;

cryptic – with a meaning that is hidden or nor easily understood: a cryptic message/ smile/remark таинственный, загадочный; a cryptic crossword clue; cryptically (adverb);

coup – сокращение от фр. coup d’йtat государственный переворот; удачный ход, удар;

to clean up (phrasal verb) – to clean thoroughly and remove anything unwanted;

to rail at/against sth/sb – to complain about something/somebody in a very angry way: She railed against the injustice of it all (pугаться); he railed at me – он стал на меня кричать; it’s no use railing against – какой смысл критиковать систему?

murky – мрачный, темный; his murky past – его темное прошлое;

to scrap – to get rid of as no longer needed useful or wanted;

to wrap up – to complete (a business arrangement, a meeting, etc.)

wary (adjective) – careful; looking out for danger;

carrot – informal a reward or an advantage that someone promises you as a way of encouraging you to do something; to hold out/to offer a carrot to somebody ; the electoral carrot of early tax cuts.

Active Vocabulary:

afloat [ q 'flqut] – на плаву;

to keep/ to stay afloat – быть свободным от долгов; не залезать в долги;

to bring into line – добиться единства взглядов, согласовывать;

to bring into accord – приводить к согласию;

to bring into step – приводить в соответствие;

to bring to terms – приводить к соглашению;

to bring nations together – сближать нации/народы;

to bring together different views – сблизить различные точки зрения;

to bring to a standstill – остановить;

to bring to nought Br. also naught (literary) – сводить на нет;

to bring one’s case to the Council – представить/внести вопрос на рассмотрение совета;

to bring the matter before the committee – представить/внести вопрос на рассмотрение комитета;

to bring down prices – снижать цены; вызывать падение цен;

to bring forward – выдвигать (предложение и т.п.);

to bring forward a draft resolution – выдвигать проект резолюции;

to bring in a bill – вносить (на рассмотрение) законопроект;

crackdown – амер. принятие крутых, репрессивных мер;

to trigger a crackdown – начать кампанию за принятие жестких мер; – приступить к проведению репрессивных мер;

deadlock – мертвая точка; тупик; безвыходное положение; эк. застой;

to break a deadlock/to escape from the deadlock – выйти/вырваться из тупика;

to come to/to reach a deadlock – зайти в тупик; попасть в безвыходное положение;

deadlock issue – вопрос/проблема, решение которого/-ой зашло в тупик;

the negotiations are deadlocked – переговоры зашли в тупик;

deal – сделка, соглашение;

to do/to make/to strike a deal with – заключить сделку с кем-либо; войти в соглашение с кем-либо;

to meet somebody halfway – идти на компромисс с кем-либо;

tariff – тариф; расценка; прейскурант; шкала ставок; таможенный тариф; пошлина;

rate of tariff – ставка тарифа, тарифная ставка;

alignment of tariffs – выравнивание тарифов/пошлин;

general reduction in tariffs – общее снижение тарифов;

trade-off – уступка; компромисс; компромиссное решение; альтернатива; выбор;

to trade off – 1. поступаться чем-либо; 2. изменять один показатель за счет другого;

to tip the balance – решить исход дела, оказаться решающим фактором, перевесить, склонить чашу весов;

to hold out/to offer a carrot to somebody – предлагать особенно благоприятные условия взамен на что-то;

to reduce industrial emissions of carbon dioxide – сокращать промышленные выбросы углекислого газа;

to cause the greenhouse effect and hence global warming – вызвать парниковый эффект и, следовательно, глобальное потепление;

to stop subsidizing the industry with fuel prices that are far below international levels – перестать субсидировать промышленность за счет дешевых энергоресурсов.

Exercise 1. Translate the following paying attention to italicized words:

1. All efforts have come to naught (=have not been successful).

2. Police officers are confident their successful crackdown on crime will continue.

3. The band has negotiated a new deal with their record company.

4. The two teams did a deal and Robson was traded.

5. You can get some really good deals from travel agents right now (=buy something at a good price).

6. The government has brought forward a plan to tackle urban crime.

7. The assassination of one very popular and outstanding political leader triggered off a wave of rioting. The government in its turn triggered a crackdown.

8. European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies.

9. The strike appeared to have reached a deadlock.

10. Despite months of discussion the negotiations remained deadlocked.

11. The government has scrapped its plans for earnings-related pensions.

12. The police are cracking down on illegal gambling and drunken driving.

13. They arrested a criminal with a murky past.

14. They won’t pay all our expenses but they might be prepared to meet us halfway.

15. The outlook for borrowers is bleak, as interests rates are certain to rise.

16. The company’s prospects look pretty bleak.

17. The heads of the two governments met to ratify the treaty.

18. The mayor has promised to clean up the town by getting rid of all criminals.

19. The committee has come out strongly against any change in the law.

20. Most of the speakers came out in support of these proposals.

21. Now the trade agreement is wrapped up all we have to do is wait for the first orders.

22. She was wary of putting too much trust in him. He was a wary old politician who never says too much.

Exercise 2. Study the following information about the use of adjectives in attributive and predicative position then translate what follows:

Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun (attributive position), or after a linking verb, e.g. be (predicative position):

Attributive: We’ve just seen an entertaining film.

Predicative: That film was entertaining.

Adjectives in predicative position are usually the complement of a linking verb (e.g. to be, to become, to feel, to appear, to keep /to stay + adjective, to remain, to taste, to make):

When she herd the noise Mary became very uneasy.

Many adjectives beginning with the letter a and adjectives describing health and feelings are usually used before nouns, they are used in predicative position:

Don’t disturb the children; they are asleep.

Adjectives usually used in predicative position:

beginning with a: ablaze, afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, askew, asleep, awake, aware

health and feelings: content, fine, glad, ill, pleased, poorly, ready, sorry, sure, upset, (un)well

There are some fixed phrases/idioms in which predicative adjectives are normally used before a noun with a special meaning, e.g. glad tidings, an ill wind, a ready wit, a sorry state, an upset stomach *.

Have you heard the glad tidings? – Вы слышали радостную весть?

It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good – Нет худа без добра.

He has a ready wit – Он за словом в карман не полезет.

He is in a sorry state – Он в жалком состоянии.

He had an upset stomach – У него было расстройство желудка.

Some predicative adjectives have equivalent words which can be used before a noun: They are doing experiments on live animals/animals which are alive.

Translate the following paying attention to some remarks:

1. The company somehow managed to keep/stay afloat (=out of debt).

2. The room was ablaze with light.

3. The wooden house was quickly ablaze.

4. His face was ablaze with anger and excitement (figurative usage).

5. Our plans seem to have gone adrift somewhere (=without purpose or direction).

6. The dry leaves caught alight (=began to burn).

7. She poured kerosene over the rubbish and then set it alight (=lit it).

8. Every window was alight (=with lights on; lit up).

9. He was sitting with his eyes alight with happiness (figurative usage).

10. I find her rather aloof (=not very open or friendly in one’s relations with other people; reserved).

11. The soldier’s cap was slightly askew (=not properly straight).

12. The company is awake to these new developments (=conscious of).

Exercise 3. Translate the following using the words from the active vocabulary:

1. Крайне важно сблизить различные точки зрения, особенно, когда речь идет о столь крупных соседях, как Россия и Евросоюз.

2. В документе сформулированы основополагающие принципы и определены магистральные направления, приводящие в соответствие существующую нормативную базу торгово-экономического взаимодействия.

3. Принципиальное значение имеет то, что у сторон отсутствуют территориальные претензии (to have no territorial claims) и они последовательно добиваются единства взглядов на межгосударственном уровне.

4. За последнее время создана развитая договорно-правовая база, обеспечивающая конструктивное двустороннее взаимодействие и приводящие стороны к согласию (to create the legal basis for constructive bilateral interaction) на длительную перспективу.

5. При сохранении негативных тенденций в экономике, отношения между этими странами могут зайти в тупик.

6. Выдвинутый проект резолюции по экономическому сотрудничеству поистине огромен, его реализация со временем способна определить будущее экономики всего евразийского пространства.

7. Есть полное основание полагать (there are all grounds), что эта тенденция сохранится (this trend will persist) и в дальнейшем и стороны все же пойдут на разумный компромисс.

8. Поспешные решения в топливно-энергетической сфере (hasty solutions in the fuel-and energy sphere) могут вызвать резкое падение на рынке ценных бумаг.

9. Неожиданное согласие одобрить вступление России в ВТО многими было расценено как уступка в обмен на поддержку ею Киотского протокола.

10. Цель Киотского протокола заключается в сокращении промышленных выбросов углекислого газа, который вызывает парниковый эффект и, следовательно, глобальное потепление.

11. В ходе переговоров стороны договорились, что Россия снизит пошлины на импорт ряда товаров, в частности машинного оборудования.

12. России, впрочем, это выгодно не меньше, чем ЕС, поскольку модернизация российского промышленного парка будет зависеть от притока западного капитала.

13. Наиболее выгодная для России договоренность заключается в том, что ЕС отказывается от требования к России перестать субсидировать свою промышленность за счет дешевых энергоресурсов, цены на которые на внутреннем рынке существенно ниже, чем на внешнем.

14. Представители ЕС согласились на обещание России постепенно повышать эти цены (на энергоресурсы), но не до мирового уровня, а до уровня, полностью покрывающего все производственные издержки.

Exercise 4. Study the information about the phrasal verb to clean up then translate what follows:

to clean up

1. to remove dirt, etc.; to make a place clean; тщательно чистить; убирать

2. to get rid of something (informal); to suppress; to make a place free of vice etc.; to improve очистить от нежелательных элементов

3. to suppress an enemy, usually small groups still resisting after a major advance

4. to make money (informal) нажиться; приобрести состояние (не всегда законным путем)

Translate the following:

1. Don’t just stand idly by while more enterprising people clean up.

2. His invention was immediately successful, and in less than a year he’d cleaned up ten thousand pounds.

3. Many a fortune has been clean up by con men * (=confidence tricksters) working on the greed and gullibility* of others.

4. The Battle of Normandy ended on the 19^th August: it was on this day that we finally cleaned up the remnants of the enemy trapped in the ‘pocket’.

5. It’s time that the police took some effective action to clean up this town.

6. There’s been quite a clean-up around the docks: you hardly ever see a homeless there now.

7. We want to see the image of out supporters cleaned up so we can be proud of them.

8. It was annoying to lose money on the deal when others cleaned up.

9. The newly elected leader has declared his intention of cleaning up the city council.

10. This office needs cleaning up. First, let me clean up the broken glass before someone walks on it.

gullibility * – доверчивость

con man * – мошенник, жулик, аферист

Exercise 5. Read and translate the interview of Mikhail Vanin, Chairman of the State Customs Committee of Russia then make up a report related to the topics. Use some vocabulary help below:

the creation of computerized programs for risk management – создание информационной программы управления рисками;

information products and software – информационный продукт и комплекс компьютерных программ;

to follow the guidelines – осуществляться на основе;

to correspond to WTO’ s regulations and requirements – отвечать нормам и требованиям ВТО;

to develop a draft of the new Customs Code – разработать проект нового Таможенного кодекса;

to outlive largely – в значительной степени устареть;

international road border crossings (IRBCs) – международные автомобильные пропускные пункты (МАПП);

to come into operation – ввести в эксплуатацию, сдать (объект);

customs clearance points on the border – таможенные пункты на границе;

introduction of new information technologies – внедрение новых информационных технологий;

1. The spheres of cooperation between the State Customs Committee of Russia and the EU.

2. The changes in connection with the prospect of Russia’s joining WTO.

– What are the spheres of cooperation between the State Customs Committee of Russia and the EU?

– The cooperation of the Committee with the EU in customs policy follows the guidelines of the EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement and Protocol 2 of the PCA “Mutual Administrative Assistance for the Correct Application of Customs Legislation.” Our interaction with the EU within the framework of TACIS customs and trans-border cooperation programs has also proved to be very positive.

The EU is funding the construction of international road border crossing Salla and Svetogorsk on the Russo-Finnish border, which will be open for passage very soon. The project costs 13.2 million euro. Memorandums have been signed with the European Commission that the EU will fund the furnishing of IRBCs Saymensky on the Russo-Finnish border, Ivangorod on the Russo-Estonian border and Bagrationovsk on the Russo-Polish border. The European Commission has also agreed to provide 8 million euro the turn-key construction of IRBC Chernyshevskoye on the Russo-Lithuanian border in Kaliningrad Region.

Organization of exchange of computed information about high risk commodities moving between Russia and the EU member-states is the key issue in our cooperation with the European Union? As this enables us to cut off customs violations connected with fraudulent declaring. The Administrative Arrangement between the European Anti-Fraud Office and the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation on formation of a Mutual Information System on movements of goods between the EU member-states and Russia was signed in Brussels in 2000.

Using the words of me Russian cinema hero, Customs says “go ahead.” So we shall do our best to promote Russia’s trade with all reputable and reliable partners in the European Union.

– What changes will take place in the Customs in view of Russia’s joining the WTO?

– Russia’s entry in the World Trade Organization is the task that was set up by the President and it will be achieved, while the customs authorities must be prepared for the moment.

First of all, we need a new legislation that will correspond to WTO’ regulations and requirements. A draft of the new Customs Code has been developed, as the old one was adopted in 1993 and has largely outlived new requirements. We have received positive reactions to the draft code from our partners in the European Union, from the World Customs Organization, from WTO experts, as well as from a number of other esteemed European economic organizations. So we expect that the new code will be considered and adopted by the State Duma in the nearest future.

We realized pretty well that Russia’s entry in The WTO entails a substantial expansion of its foreign trade. Therefore we pay a lot of attention to creation of proper facilities at the country’s borders and construction of contemporary international road border crossings (IRBCs). Very soon one of the largest of customs points on our border with Ukraine in Belgorod Region called “Nekhoteyevka” will come into operation. This customs clearance point is being built with the prospect of a growth in trade volumes. In view of the country’s entry in the WTO, introduction of new information technologies in customs procedures becomes a priority. Of particular importance to us is the creation of computerized programs for risk management. This is again explained by the fact that trade volumes will increase along with a heavier burden on the Customs. If customs officers would have to check every truck, wagon or bag, as they did before, the trade traffic will stop altogether, and this, of course, is unacceptable. Therefore we want to develop such information products and software that will show us where, what and whom to search. We must learn to check up only those who are potentially dangerous and to discover smuggled goods through a comprehensive computerized analysis of multiple data bases. This is our strategy now. Some progress has already been made and we expect the information system to become operative.

Exercise 6. Give a back translation of the following interview given by Mikhail иtranslation with the text from exercise 5 and make the necessary corrections:

– По каким аспектам осуществляется сотрудничество с ЕС?

– Взаимодействие ГТК России с Евросоюзом в таможенной области осуществляется на основе Соглашения о партнерстве и сотрудничестве между РСФСР и Европейскими сообществами и Протокола 2 к нему “О взаимном административном содействии в целях надлежащего применения таможенного законодательства”. Весьма позитивными являются контакты с ЕС и в рамках проектов программы ТАСИС в области таможенного и трансграничного сотрудничества.

При финансовой поддержке ЕС продолжается строительство международных автомобильных пунктов пропуска “Салла” и “Святогорск” на российско-финляндской границе, которые планируется открыть в самое ближайшее время. Стоимость проекта – 13,2 миллионов евро. С Комиссией европейских сообществ подписаны меморандумы о финансировании Евросозом обустройства МАПП “Сайменский” на российско-финляндской, “Ивангород на российско-эстонской, “Багратионовск” на российско-польской границе. Получено согласие Комиссии европейских сообществ на выделение в размере 8 миллионов евро для строительства “под ключ” МАПП “Чернышевское ”на российско-литовской границе в Калининградской области.

Ключевым направлением таможенного сотрудничества в ЕС остается организация обмена информацией в электронном режиме о товарах повышенного риска, перемещаемых между РСФСР и государствами Евросоюза, с тем чтобы пересекать таможенные правонарушения, связанные с недостоверным декларированием. В 2000 году в Брюсселе подписана Административная договоренность между Европейским бюро по борьбе с мошенничеством и ГТК России об установлении “Системы взаимного обмена информацией”по ряду товаров, ввозимых из ЕС в Россию.

Говоря словами популярного российского киногероя, “таможня дает добро”. То есть мы будем всеми силами содействовать расширению торговли экономического сотрудничества России со всеми серьезными, частными, надежными партнерами в Европейском союзе.

Exercise 7. Learn the following collocations with the word deal and translate what follows using some vocabulary help if needed :

deal

1. to accept, to agree on, to aim at, to block, to blow, to bring off *, to cancel, to clinch *, to close, to complete, to do, to enter into, to get out of, to honor, to make, to negotiate, to pull off, to reach, to reject, to screw up *, to secure, to set up, to sign, to spoil, to strike, to swing, to turn down, to veto, to wrap up, to wreck, to wriggle out of* ~

2. ~ is off/on, broke down, collapsed, came into effect, emerged, fell through *, involved…, went ahead, went smoothly

3. acceptable, ambitious, astute, advantageous, bad, clever, cut-price, dodgy *, dubious, (un)fair, (un)favourable, firm, (dis)honest, huge, lucrative, poor, profitable, risky, shady, shrewd, square, tentative~

to screw up * – (slang) to handle the situation very badly

to bring off * – успешно завершить

to clinch * – закрепить

to wriggle out of* – вывернуться (из трудной ситуации), увильнуть (от ответственности)

to fall through *- проваливаться, провалиться

dodgy * (tricky, difficult) – каверзный, ненадежный

Exercise 8. Match the columns of English/Russian equivalents then make sentences of your own with them:

1. backroom deal

2. behind-the-scenes/separate deal

3. compensation deal

4. fair deal

5. long-term deal

6. balanced package deal

7. packet deal

8. raw/rough deal

9. square deal

10.to give somebody a square deal

1. вести с кем-либо честную игру

2. несправедливо, незаслуженно суровое отношение

3. комплексная сделка

4. сбалансированное комплексное соглашение

5. долговременное соглашение

6. честная сделка; честный поступок

7. компенсационная сделка

8. закулисная сепаратная сделка

9. закулисная политическая игра

Exercise 9. Analyze the usage of to deal in versus to deal with and translate what follows:

1. If a company deals in specific kind of goods, its business involves buying and selling those goods: Ferrinex plc deals in construction machinery.

2. To deal with means ‘to give attention to”: I’m sorry to keep you waiting; the Finance Manager will deal with your enquiry when she gets back.

3. To deal with can also mean ‘to have business relations’: We’ve been dealing with our suppliers for seven years.

4. The noun deal means ‘business transaction’: They can’t get the necessary finance so the deal is off.

4. The expression to clinch the deal in business means that an agreement is settled in a definite way: The offer of cheap financing enabled us to clinch the deal and get the contract.

Practice (complete the sentences)

1. They … second-cars and lorries.

2. We refuse to … firms that don’t allow us to trade on open account.

3. I think even a small concession would allow us to …

4. I always leave him to … the paperwork.

Exercise 10. Read the text (Financial Times, 2004) and assume that you are debating this issue on the international level. In this role you are participating in the implementation of this landmark protocol and in view of the above:

1. discuss the global implications of the Kyoto protocol

2. think about the benefits and detriments of the Kyoto protocol for different countries

3. focus on the Russia’s decisive role in its ratification

4. look at the consequences of its implementation for the Russian Federation

5. division in the world on the issue

6. indicate your personal attitude towards this issue

Vocabulary:

signatory – подписавшаяся сторона; подписавшийся;

stringent – строгий, точный;

raidly – время от времени, периодически, проводить что-то не регулярно;

to drive something up (phrasal verb) – быстро возрастать, усиливать;

contentious – спорный;

to allude to – ссылаться на, намекать на, упоминать;

discernible – различимый;

incoming environment commissioner – новоизбранный специальный уполномоченный (комиссар) по охране окружающей природы;

at times – иногда, временами;

lukewarm – fig. Прохладный;

threshold – fig. порог, преддверие;

to account for – составлять;

to sign up – подписать договор, соглашение, контракт;

to broker – to broker a deal/settlement/treaty etc. to arrange the details of a deal etc. so that everyone can agree to it.

Russia’s Kyoto move puts spotlight on US

Russia’s move towards ratifying the Kyoto protocol on greenhouse gas emissions was welcomed by green lobbyists and signatory governments around the world. But serious issues remain to be resolved if the Kyoto agreement is to have any real effect on global climate change.

The world’s biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, the US, is still outside the treaty, which President George W. Bush refused to ratify in 2001. “Whoever wins [the US presidency, it’s extremely unlikely the US will come on board,” said Steve Howard, chief executive of the non-profit Climate Group.

This raised fears that countries that have agreed to curb emissions face economic disadvantage compared with those – like the US – that have not.

“The real worry is that more significant trading partners [than Russia] are still dragging their feet, in particular the US, China and India,” said Digby Jones, director -general of the Confederation of British industry. “We have got to fight for a level playing field.”

In China, a booming economy and a growing fuel consumption are raidly driving up greenhouse gas emissions.

The 1997 Kyoto protocol, which requires industrialized countries to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases by varying amounts by 2012, reflects concern over the possibility that human actions are changing the way the planet’s weather works. A growing body of scientific studies has blamed the increased emissions of “greenhouse gases” – chiefly carbon dioxide – for changes in global weather systems.

Apart from simply causing global warming, as often claimed, many scientists believe rises in the level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses in the atmosphere are likely to cause greater weather fluctuations, with an increase in so-called “extreme weather events” such as storms, floods and droughts. For instance, this year’s destructive hurricanes in the Caribbean led to claims they could be the a result of a climate change.

But such conclusions are sometimes contentious. Skeptical scientists argue that these fluctuations in weather may be simply natural short-term variations, and tell us little about whether human actions are affecting the planet’s weather systems. Andrei Illarionov, Mr Putin’s economic adviser and strong opponent of the protocol, alluded to these opinions in his statement that Kyoto lacked “any scientific relevance”.

Yet many governments are committed to reducing emissions. Tony Blair has pledged to make climate change one of the key areas of focus during the UK’s presidency of the European Union and G8 next year. Japan and Canada have also been – at times lukewarm – supporters of Kyoto, but the key driver of the agreement has been the EU.

The EU now looks likely to move ahead with its emissions trading scheme, which would help it meet its obligations under Kyoto. The agreement allows for each member country to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. Any emitting less than the allowance can sell emission credits to countries that are over their limit.

Although the incoming environment commissioner, Stavros Dimas, admitted that some countries would not meet the January deadline for preparing to trade emissions, he said the system could go ahead without them.

The EU scheme creates an incentive for companies to invest in clean technologies and improve energy efficiency. It encourages companies to go beyond their emission reduction targets by allowing them to sell surplus permits to companies that would find it more expensive to cut their emissions.

Such systems are likely to have any discernible effect on the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some scientists argue that these efforts will not be enough to protect the planet from the effects of climate change, and that more stringent standards are needed.

Moscow’s move towards ratification has effectively saved the Kyoto protocol. However, the problem of cutting emissions in the US and China may prove much harder to solve.

Russia gives crucial backing to Kyoto treaty

The future of international cooperation to protocol the environment was secured as the Russian government approved the Kyoto protocol on climate change.

Without the decision, the landmark treaty, widely regarded as the most important international agreement on the environment, would have been in doubt, jeopardising efforts to reduce efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases – blamed for causing global climate change and leading to “extreme weather events”. The treaty can only come into effect if ratified by industrialized nations responsible for at least 55 per cent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Because the US, the refused world’s biggest emitter of greenhouse gases, has o sign up, the support of Russia – which accounts for 17 per cent of global emissions – was needed to reach the 55 percent threshold.

Its decision increases pressure on the US to ratify the treaty, which President George W. Bush rejected in 2001.

Margaret Beckett, the UK environment secretary, said: “This is a crucial step. [Failure to secure Russian backing] would have made it much more difficult. People have had to start again.”

The treaty requires industrialized countries to cut emissions of greenhouse gases – chiefly carbon dioxide – by varying amounts by 2012. Many industries would have to invest in new technology, which some industry groups have argued would damage competitiveness by increasing costs.

The US shows no signs of ratifying the treaty, brokered in 1997. The Bush administration has argued that the scientific evidence behind Kyoto is inconclusive, that it favours developing countries and that it would harm American businesses.

Australia has also declined to ratify the accord. China and India – whose efforts at industrialisation may lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions – are thought unlikely to participate.

Some politicians seized on Russia’s decision to urge the administration to reconsider. Henry A. Waxman said Mr. Bush’ s rejection meant “our businesses are at a disadvantage in the world market , our economy is at risk, and we are more isolated in the international community”.

Green groups around the world welcomed the Russian decision. “This is a decision for which the world has been waiting for two-and-a-half years,” said Jannifer Morgan, director of WWF’s climate change programme.

But Russia’ s approval came despite strong opposition from Andrei Illarionov, Mr. Putin’ s economic adviser, who said the decision was motivated “by politics, not science or economics”.

Exercise 11. Read the text and summarize it:

WTO bid picks up support

The government plans to sign bilateral deals with five Asia-Pacific countries as part of its progress toward acquiring World Trade Organization membership. Recent talks with Thailand, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore were likely to result in deals at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation heads of government meeting scheduled for the Nov. 18-21 2004, Maxim Medvedev told Itar-Tass.

There has been substantial movement in talks with Japan on access to Russian markets, he said. “It’s clear that we may already be talking about completing bilateral negotiations at the beginning of next year,” he said.

Government ministers originally set a year-end target to complete bilateral talks with all Russia’ s trading partners, envisaging actual membership of the trade body around the start of 2006.

Before it can join the WTO Russia must strike bilateral deals on membership terms with 60 trading partners. It has already signed a deal with its top trading partner, the European Union.

Agreeing terms with the United States remains a major hurdle. Ministers shelved their timetable last week after talks in Washington failed to bring a breakthrough, with U.S. officials insisting that foreign banks should be allowed to set up branches in Russia.

Other snags included access to the country’s insurance and telecom sectors, tariffs on imports of automobiles and aircraft, and action to combat piracy and safeguard intellectual property.

Exercise 12. Conclusive check up on the vocabulary from the unit. Translate the following as fast you can:

1. выравнивание тарифов/пошлин; to keep/stay afloat;

2. information products and software; таможенные пункты на границе;

3. тарифная ставка; spheres of cooperation;

4. идти на компромисс; to scrap one’s plans;

5. to bring together different views; осуществляться на основе;

6. общее снижение тарифов; to clinch a deal;

7. to clear up the enemy troops; отвечать нормам и требованиям ВТО;

8. сдать объект в эксплуатацию; to bring down prices;

9. to launch a crackdown; приводить к согласию;

10. приводить в соответствие; to bring into accord;

11. модернизация российского промышленного парка; trade-off;

12. to tip the balance; приток западного капитала;

13. в итого в ходе переговоров стороны договорились; cost-covering levels;

14. to propose application for entry; договоренность заключается в;

15. the sudden agreement by EU negotiators; уступка в обмен на поддержку по вопросу подписания протокола.

16. Test 1

1. Most people are … pressure at work and so have little time for the children.

1. under;

2. with;

3. among.

2. Ten per cent of insurance claims … out to be unfounded.

1. turn;

2. come;

3. end.

3. Services are disrupted during a long … of bad weather.

1. shower;

2. spell;

3. stretch.

4. The local council decided to … a policy of zero tolerance towards hooligans.

1. adopt;

2. agree;

3. assert.

5. The programme will go … as one of the greatest in TV history.

1. down;

2. through;

3. along.

6. He is always … my attention.

1. demanding;

2. asking;

3. calling.

7. My golden rule is not to … aspersions on how other people bring up their children.

1. cast;

2. make;

3. waste.

8. His temperament seemed to … little relation to that of the parents.

1. bear;

2. hold;

3. keep.

9. Most companies seem able to … the worst effects of downsizing from emerging.

1. persuade;

2. prevent;

3. divert.

10. There is no … about it, there can be few better countries to explore by road than Ireland.

1. doubt;

2. suspicion;

3. precaution.

11. His book on finance is selling like hot … .

1. cakes;

2. stuff;

3. soup.

12. In any profession, you have to learn to take the … with the smooth.

1. rough;

2. hard;

3. stodgy.

13. Some people take a … view of commercial fiction.

1. dim;

2. poor;

3. low.

14. The new bookkeeper seems a bit lazy, he doesn’t really pull his weight.

1. pull;

2. push;

3. act.

15. I’m sorry I missed the appointment, it must have … my mind.

1. slipped;

2. missed;

3. dropped.

33. Test 2

1. A bag management decision … disaster for the company.

1. spelt;

2. drew;

3. sprang.

2. He took great … to make sure the contract was accurate.

1. pains;

2. efforts;

3. troubles.

3. It took Alice a long time to get the … of the new computer programme.

1. hang;

2. grips;

3. grasp.

4. He found it hard to … any headway with his report on immigration.

1. make;

2. do;

3. get.

5. He … in taking notes of the speaker.

1. succeeded;

2. managed;

3. chanced.

6. This draft is a mess, I really need to … it out.

1. sort;

2. sought;

3. thought.

7. Statistics … that your chances of becoming very well paid are greater when you are young.

1. show;

2. shows;

3. increases.

8. With just a computer, … software and a printer, anyone can be a home-based publisher.

1. appropriate;

2. proper;

3. proprietor.

9. All you need, … from the equipment, is a good idea.

1. apart;

2. among;

3. excluding.

10. The minister is extremely busy as he … two departments.

1. oversees;

2. overlooks;

3. overviews.

11. We offer $10 000 p.a. in … to staff based in New York City.

1. per diem;

2. per capita;

3. per annum.

12. This policymaker is someone with a very … personality.

1. forceful;

2. aggressive;

3. offensive.

13. … to expectations the stock market, fell all year.

1. contrary;

2. distinct;

3. contrast.

14. The owners are trying to sell their shop as a …

1. going concern;

2. company;

3. enterprise.

15. The project team all attended the … meeting.

1. kick-off;

2. kickback;

3. kick.

48. Test 3

50. 1. The Foreign Ministry is working for Russia’s … .

1. upswing;

2. responsibility;

3. improvement.

52. 2. The Foreign Ministry provides diplomatic support for major projects being … .

1. carried out;

2. realized;

3. introduced.

54. 3. I should like to emphasize that we are not advocates of … methods of advancing our interests.

1. harsh;

2. hard;

3. weighty.

56. 4. The country’s recently lifting … is a vivid illustration of good will.

1. sanctions;

2. methods;

3. measures.

58. 5. Diplomacy … Russia’s competitiveness all over the world.

1. bolsters;

2. reviews;

3. acknowledges.

60. 6. Sanctions are thought to be an … act in international practice.

1. unacceptable;

2. inexplicable;

3. inexhaustible.

62. 7. … the beginning of the book, the author discusses the effects of the pollution on the environment.

1. at;

2. in;

3. on.

63. 8. Tax laws are … by politicians who usually want to be re-elected.

1. passed;

2. promulgated;

3. proclaimed.

65. 9. Paul Samuelson was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in ….

1. economics;

2. economy;

3. economic.

67. 10. It is important to differentiate business e-mail … from those who have full access to the World Wide Web.

1. users;

2. occupants;

3. subscribers.

69. 11. For simplicity, consider the Internet as a giant ad-hoc network of computers.

1. connection;

2. link;

3. network.

71. 12. The Internet is an infrastructure … the exchange of any digital files.

1. facilitating;

2. relieving;

3. lighting.

73. 13. The Internet is not … by any one organization, nor is it controlled by any single organization.

1. owned;

2. possessed;

75. 14. Personal users normally have an agreement with their ISP that gives them one or more e-mail addresses and access to … the net.

1. browse;

2. swim;

3. search.

77. 15. E-commerce is a computing and communications channel … which transactions can take place.

1. through;

2. with;

3. upon.

80. Test 4

82. 1. The Internet is not … by any one organization, nor is it controlled by any single organization.

1. owned;

2. possessed;

84. 2. Personal users normally have an agreement with their ISP that gives them one or more e-mail addresses and access to … the net.

1. browse;

2. swim;

3. search.

86. 3. E-commerce is a computing and communications channel … which transactions can take place.

1. through;

2. with;

3. upon.

88. 4. Customs union, unlike a free trade area, requires its members to adopt a common external tariff of customs … .

1. duties;

2. taxes;

3. revenues.

90. 5. … – seats in the House of Lords between the government and opposition benches, where peers not aligned to any political party sit.

1. cross-bench;

2. back-bench;

3. bench.

92. 6. Over the last few years the region has made a number of … in its innovation activity.

1. breakthroughs;

2. breaks;

3. breaches.

93. 7. When you’re selling goods, you’ll never get a new customer unless you can persuade them that buying your product will produce favorable … .

1. outcomes;

2. outlets;

3. outgoings.

95. 8. We’ve been working hard at … customer service by providing better facilities.

1. enhancing;

2. advancing;

3. bettering.

97. 9. As soon as you start working … the exam, make sure you have a clear idea what is tested in each of the five papers.

1. for;

2. with;

3. upon.

99. 10. When you know what you are aiming for, you can plan your preparation more effectively and work on your … .

1. weaknesses;

2. strengths;

3. fragilities.

101. 11. It’s possible to get plenty of reading … in English without having to buy books, but everyone needs to have a good dictionary.

1. practice;

2. activity;

3. doings.

103. 12. A good grammar book, a vocabulary book and self-study writing skills book can also be very … .

1. helpful;

2. necessary;

3. forceful.

105. 13. In some exams, the questions are so … that you can learn to pass simply by spending a lot of time doing practice tests instead of studying properly.

1. predictable;

2. recognizable;

3. discernable.

106. 14. Nevertheless, some exam practice is recommended in order to … yourself with the format of the questions.

1. familiarize;

2. adopt;

3. customizing.

108. 15. If you … an EU country, it’s not hard to get a low-paid job in Britain e.g. hotel work.

1. come from;

2. come out;

3. come off.

111. Test 5

112. 1. While they have increased the market …, this hasn’t led to big profits.

1. share;

2. part;

3. proportion.

114. 2. Further … e-mail we attach hereto the independent survey report.

1. to;

2. with;

3. for.

116. 3. English life is full … traditions and the English are known to be conservative.

1. with;

2. in;

3. of.

118. 4. Many English people are … and won’t talk to others, especially foreigners.

1. reserved;

2. suspicious;

3. melancholic.

120. 5. They pride themselves on … good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

1. being;

2. to be;

3. having been.

121. 6. The Englishman is … in his own house which he calls his castle.

1. master;

2. host;

3. tenant.

123. 7. Another English characteristic is the desire … some private clubs or societies.

1. to belong to;

2. to attach to;

3. to relate to.

125. 8. Life in provincial towns seems to be very ….

1. cynical;

2. frail4

3. dull.

127. 9. He told one prominent politician he would never … such a strain.

1. survive;

2. surpass4

3. surrender.

129. 10. Heaven knows, I never want anyone to give up their pleasures on my ….

1. account;

2. accost;

3. accord.

131. 11. England has long been known in Russia … its quality goods.

1. for;

2. with;

3. on.

133. 12. At the reception the Ambassador treated the guests … delicious dishes and sweets from Russia.

1. to;

2. with;

3. at.

135. 13. The visitors enjoyed the spicy but … dishes of Indian national cuisine.

1. tasteless;

2. tasty;

3. intriguing.

136. 14. A reception was … at the residence of the German Ambassador on October 3 to celebrate the Day of German Unity.

1. given;

2. staged;

3. arranged.

138. 15. The success of the bilateral relationship was visible with the naked … .

1. eye;

2. face;

3. neck.

141. Test 6

1. Police … strikers protesting against law wages.

1. broke up;

2. brought about;

3. broke off.

2. This misunderstanding has been … by a rapidly made liberal statement.

1. brought about;

2. come about;

3. brought down.

3. These … for a liberal turn are absolutely natural.

1. expectations;

2. outlook;

3. expectancy.

4. Many Western politicians want Russia to develop Western-type ….

1. institutions;

2. circles;

3. intentions.

5. We had to be in Liverpool before midday so we … off bright and early.

1. set;

2. left;

3. made.

6. Carry on working! We’ll tell you when it’s time to ….

1. knock;

2. pull;

3. stop.

7. As soon as the plane had … off, the stewardess came round with the drinks.

1. taken;

2. gone;

3. moved.

8. When he dropped the jug, he noticed that the handle had … off.

1. broken;

2. gone;

3. cut.

9. I’ll never borrow money again! It’s going to take me years to … off this loan.

1. pay;

2. get;

3. knock.

10. Don’t rub too hard or else all the paint will … off.

1. come;

2. pull;

3. work.

11. It took me weeks to … off my cold but I feel much better now.

1. throw;

2. pull;

3. clear.

12. This may hurt a bit but you’ll find the pain will have … off by the time you get home.

1. passed;

2. called;

3. shown.

13. Do you mind not talking while I’m reading my messages! It … me off.

1. puts;

2. sets;

3. gets.

14. The shopkeeper … 10 per cent off the price of the printer because it was slightly damaged.

1. knocked;

2. threw;

3. let.

15. The tide came in rather quickly and we found ourselves … off from the mainland.

1. cut;

2. broken;

3. left.

157. Test 7

1. They despised him because he had his … in the till.

1. hands;

2. fingers;

3. toes.

2. The commodities produced by Vologda enterprises are … demand in the EU countries.

1. on;

2. in;

3. with.

3. A new generation of politicians has … into being.

1. come;

2. got;

3. appeared.

4. He had a … in every pie and was involved in every disagreeable political discussions.

1. finger;

2. ankle;

3. nose.

5. I think, for all the … issues outstanding solutions can be found with the lapse of time.

1. irresolvable;

2. resolvable;

3. irresistible.

6. Problems in programs are caused by ….

1. bugs;

2. chips;

3. beetles.

7. Computer hardware consists … a computer, a monitor, a keyboard, a printer, and their connections.

1. in;

2. on;

3. of.

8. Each department in a division of a company relies … budgeting to make the company’s affairs profitable.

1. in;

2. on;

3. upon.

9. Everyone who wants to achieve, must think about … training courses.

1. spec aliased;

2. spicy;

3. special.

10. The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are ….

1. clerks;

2. supervisors;

3. accountants.

11. The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ….

1. manager;

2. president;

3. receptionist.

12. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer ….

1. hackers;

2. operators;

3. screeners.

13. Making is one of the main personnel functions.

1. appointments;

2. engagements;

3. rendezvous.

14. The protection of something so that it can be made or sold by one person only is by … of a patent.

1. means;

2. series;

3. ways.

15. Recording financial transactions is ….

1. bookkeeping;

2. statistics;

3. logistics.

173. Test 8

1. He has got really god chance … getting the job.

1. of;

2. in;

3. at.

2. She is always coming up … the problem of lack of funding.

1. against;

2. with;

3. to.

3. He is … far the most skillful person I know.

1. by;

2. for;

3. to.

4. What is the password to log … to the Internet.

1. on;

2. in;

3. with.

5. We should weigh … the options very carefully.

1. up;

2. in;

3. upon.

6. The jury returned a… of guilty.

1. verdict;

2. clause;

3. decision.

7. He took the law … his own hands.

1. into;

2. about;

3. under.

8. She is a law … herself – always unpredictable.

1. unto;

2. upon;

3. on.

9. It is a once … a lifetime opportunity.

1. in;

2. between;

3. within.

10. I finally plucked … the courage to tell him the truth.

1. up;

2. about;

3. over.

11. Nothing springs … mind at the moment.

1. to;

2. on;

3. in.

12. This dissemination campaign didn’t really live … to our expectations.

1. up;

2. for;

3. on.

13. I will take your word … it, but you’d better be right.

1. for;

2. with;

3. on.

14. I can’t put my feelings … words for the time being.

1. into;

2. in;

3. among.

15. She will have it … her conscience all her life.

1. on;

2. at;

3. of.

1 to pick and choose – быть слишком разборчивым, привередничать.

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