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  1. Develop, developer, development

  1. The very first graphical user interface was ………………. by the Xerox Corporation at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s.

  2. With the 1984 Apple Macintosh Steve Jobs made sure .................. created software for the new Macintosh Computer.

  3. A few key technological ……………… created the transition of the typewriter into the computer keyboard.

  1. Calculate, calculator, calculation

  1. One of the most difficult aspects of doing a large …………….. with either a slide rule or a mechanical adding machine is keeping track of all intermediate results.

  2. Burroughs’ company mostly made ……………… for banking systems, but when the company was renamed the Burroughs Corporation in 1953 it began moving into computers. 

  3. Using heron's formula we ………….. the area of the triangle.

2.9 Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of the Infinitive.

  1. It was also clear to him that the machines should work in the binary number system, because he wanted to construct his computers using binary switching elements.

  2. It was also very expensive to reconstruct all the pieces of the machine.

  3. Although a powerful language, it was felt to be too complex in its syntax, and inadequate for all of Java's requirements.

  4. You can use any text editor to create and edit source files.

  5. Applesoft was easy to use because it was interactive. The disadvantage was a lack of more powerful commands, and it could be difficult to create large and complex programs.

  6. To make portability between various different computers possible, UCSD Pascal programs were compiled into a specialized code called "P-code".

  7. This makes it possible to pass complex object hierarchies to a C coder who thinks computer science has made no worthwhile advancements since the invention of the pointer.(Gordon McMillan)

  8. Many inventions would have to be reviewed by engineers to make sure they are safe.

  9. C ++ makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot. C++ makes it harder, but when you do, you blow away your whole leg!  (Bjarne Stroustrup)

2.10 Translate the following sentences into English:

  1. Счёты существовали со времён античности.

  2. Вильгельм Шикард создал первый механический калькулятор.

  3. Вычислительная техника стала учебной дисциплиной в 50-ых годах 20 столетия.

  4. В начале 20-го века была изобретена счётно-перфорационная машина.

  5. Если вы ошибались в одной букве, то программа давала сбой.

  6. В начале 50-ых годов вычислительная техника была на начальной стадии развития.

  7. С течением времени компьютеры значительно усовершенствовались.

Comprehension

2.11 Mark each statement as t (True), f (False) or n (Not Mentioned).

  1. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity.

  2. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1180.

  3. Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times helped by Ada Lovelace.

  4. The IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949.

  5. During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed.

  6. The field of computer science did not broaden to study computation in general.

  7. Computer science became a distinct academic discipline in the 1970s and early 1980s.

  8. IBM released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices.

  9. Unsatisfied with the reliability of the binary switching metal sheets used in the Z1, Konrad Zuse next constructed the Z2 computer.

  10. Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers being used solely by experts or professionals to a more widespread user base.

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