The Reflective Voice (rv)

Its status in Eng. is disputable. The opponents say that a reflective voice used after the transitive verb should be treated as its direct object. In order to this viewpoint they give examples of the foll-ing kind: She washed herself and the child.

The supporters of the RV put forward the foll-ing arguments in favor of this voice: 1)it has a peculiar gr.-l meaning. If the active voices show that the action is performed upon the object the passive voice shows that it is performed upon the subject, then the RV shows that the action is concentrated on the doer himself. Ex. I wash myself. (В русском языке частица «ся», в Др. Русс. «себя»); 2)not in all cases the reflexive pronoun can be treated as an object to the verb. Ex. She (subject) stretched the bracket (object) on the grass.→ She stretched herself (форма залога)on the grass; 3) there is a special paradigm of the RV,- Verb + myself/yourself/ himself/herself...The paradigm is a set of forms united by one and the same grammatical meaning. Taking into consideration these argument we may accept the idea of 3 voices in Eng.: the active, passive, reflexive.

№ 32 Pronoun

Are very miscellaneous and their gram categories are also different depending on classes of Prn. Some of them have the category of number (this-these – the inner inflection). The personal prn have the category of number. But not all gr-ns accept the idea of number, because there is no opposition of gram forms here. Those gr-ns who accept the idea of number say that it is expressed in the supplative way (a new root is used in a new form). P.Prn have 2 cases: the nom and the objective (I-me, she-her, we-us). In the interrogative Prn who there is also the object form whom. However the positions of the form are weakening. In oral speech it is regularly replaced by the nom who. In written E however this tendency is not so strong. And whom is still is used here.

№33 The stative.

The essence of the words asleep, afloat, ablaze, etc. And their position in the system of parts of speech is still under the discussion. We take the view that they constitute a special part of speech, which may be called “stative” and is char-zed by the prefix a-.

The main function of the statives is that of predicative and in this case they are preceded by a link verb, most usually the verb “be”, but occasionally also fall, keep, feel. Ex. to be asleep, to fall asleep, to feel ashamed.

Statives are also occasionally found in the function of objective predicatives, particularly after the verb find and have and N or ProN, as in the s-ces: He found his sister alone. Then Skene spoke, and in a moment had his audience afire.

The phrase ‘be + stative” may sometimes be synonymous with the continuous form of the corresponding verb. Ex. He is asleep → He is sleeping, he was asleep → He was sleeping. But they are not always interchangeable.

We find that the statives in Eng. and in Russ. do not correspond to each other, i.e. a Russ. stative is, it seems, never translated by an Eng. stative, and vice versa. Ex. мне его жаль – I pity him, I feel pity for him, жаль усов – I fell sorry for my moustache; уму лень было вставать – he felt too lazy to get up; здесь тепло – it is warm here; ↔ he is asleep - он спит; the ship is afloat; судно в плавании дом был в огне – the house is ablaze. It follows that the phenomena which can be expressed by statives in Russ. and in Eng., are far from being the same.

L. Barhudarov in an article (1958) denies the existence of statives as a separate part of speech in Eng. the conclusion L.Barkhudarov arrives at is that words of this type are adjectives, which of course is the traditional view.

№34 Modal Words