- •Grammar as a part of language. Padadigmatic and syntagmatic units
- •2) Grammar as a linguistic discipline. Variants of grammar. Types of Grammatical analysis.
- •3) Division of Grammar. Morphology and syntax
- •4) Grammatical meaning, Grammatical form
- •5) Grammatical category. The notion of opposition as the basis of gram.Categories.
- •6) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology
- •7) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •8) Criteria for establishing parts of speech:semantic,formal.Notinal and functional p. Of s.
- •9) General characteristics of the noun. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Gramatically relevant classes of nouns
- •10. Morphological categories of Noun (number, case)
- •11. Article in English. Number and meaning of articles. The problem
- •12. Adjective. Classes. Statives
- •13. The adverb. Classes. Degrees of comparison
- •§ 3. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.
- •§ 4. Adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.
- •14. Verb. Classification
- •15. The Category of Tense. Problem of future. Future in the past
- •16. The place of continuous forms in the system of the English verb. The category of aspect
- •17. The place of perfect forms in the system of the English verb. The category of order (phase, correlation)
- •18)The category of voice in English. General ch-tics. The problem of the number of voices.
- •19. The category of mood in English. General characteristics. The problems of Subjunctive.
- •20) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. Category of representation
- •21) General ch-ics of syntax as a part of grammar
- •22)The problem of the definition of the phrase. Phrases and forms of word connection
- •23) General characteristics of the sentence. Predicativity. Predication.
- •24) Classification of sentences. Structural and communicative types of sentence.
- •25)The formal structure of sentences. The model of parts of the sentence
- •26)The Problems of the Object, the Attribute, the adverbial modifier
- •27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
- •28). The transformational model of the sentence
- •29. Functional sentence perspective. The theme and rheme
- •30. The Semantic structure of the sentence. General Overview of Semantic Syntax
- •Valency theory
- •Deep case theory
- •33. Compositional Syntax
- •34. Pragmatic approach to the study of language units. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •35) The grammatical features of dialogues and communicative parts.
- •37.Utterances and Texts. Speech Act theory
- •38. Text linguistics. Grammatical aspects of the Text.
- •39. General characteristics of the composite sentence. The compound sentence
- •40. The Comlex Sentence. Principles of classification
27) The distributional model of the sentence. The model of immediate constituents
Methods of structural linguistics are based on the notions of position, co-occurrence and substitution (substitutability).
Position, or environment is the immediate neighbourhood of the element.Cooccurence means that words of one class permit or require the occurrence of words of another class.The total set of environments of a certain element is its distribution. The term distribution denotes the occurrence of-an element relative to other elements. Elements may be in: 1) non-contrastive distribution (the same position, no difference in meaning; variants of the same element): hoofs — hooves 2) contrastive distribution (the same position, different meanings):She is charming.She is charmed.3) complementary distribution (mutual exclusiveness of pairs of forms in a certain environment; the same meaning, different positions; variants of.the same elements).: cows—oxen.
The distributional model, worked out by Ch.Fries ("The Structure of English shows the linear order of sentence constituents .The syntactic structure of the sentence is presented as a sequence of positional classes of words:
Tho old man saw a black dog there.
D A1 N1 V D A2 N2Adv
D 3aA 2 D 3b1b 4
Showing the linear order of classes of words (their forms may also be indicated), the model does not show the syntactic relations of sentence constituents. The sentence I saw a man with a telescope is ambiguous, but the ambiguity cannot be shown by the distributional model. This drawback is overcome by the IC-model.A sentence is not a mere sequence, or string of words, but a structured string of words, grouped into phrases. So sentence constituents are words and word groups. The basic principle for grouping words into phrases (endo or exocentric) is cohesion, or the possibility to substitute one word for the whole group without destroying the sentence structure. Applying the substitution test, {or the dropping test, dropping optional elements) we define syntactic relations and can reduce word-groups to words and longer sentences to basic structures:
{I) NP ->Npoor John -> John,
The phrase is endocentric, the adjunct poor is optional, the head-word John is obligatory.
(2)Theoldman sawа black dog there.
Word-groups are reduced to head-words and the sentence is reduced to the basic structure, directly built by two immediate constituents — NP and VP.
When we know the rules of reducing the sentence to the basic, elementary structure, it is not difficult to state the rules of extending/expanding elementary sentences:
So the sentence is built, by two immediate constituents (NP+VP), each of which may have constituents of its own. Constituents which cannot be further divided, are called ultimate (UC). The IСmodel exists in two main versions: the analytical model and the derivation tree. The analytical model divides the sentence into IC.-s and UC-s:
VP
The derivation tree shows the syntactic dependence of sentence constituents:The old man saw a black dog there.So the iС-model shows both the syntactic relations and the linear order of elements.