5.There are 4 main reasons why individuals have intercultural communication failures Explain 2 of these reasons. Provide examples.

There are 4 reasons why individuals have intercultural communication failures.

1) bias (animosity)

2) uncertainty=anxiety.

3) arrogance (paternalism) and

4) lack of sensitivity.

Cultural differences can create barriers because of our ‘blind spots’ which trap us with biases, misunderstanding, personal arrogance, and negative stereotypes and labels. “Perceived differences” means we assess others internally (similarity or dissimilarity). This process leads to social categorization. When social categorization turns negative, it becomes a source of racism, big-otry, intolerance and prejudice. In any case, when faced with differences, there is a motivation connected with the encounter.

1) one response is uncertainty (leading us to need information to fill in the gaps);

2) a second response is anxiety (emotionally based fear). Eg: I was out jogging on a half-cloudy night. When two dark figures seemed to come out of nowhere, I confess I felt a slight uncertainty (who were these peo-ple?). An accompanying anxiety developed (what are they doing out here? Should I be worried?). I quickly moved to the other side of the road, than I realized they were husband and wife joggers. When they spoke “Good evening”, my anxiety disappeared, the uncertainty was reduced. Another example: the wife of a new foreign service officer in West Africa, is just learning to buy in the local marketplaces. She returns from shopping, her feelings hurt, because owners of market booths shouted at her during their bargaining. She has not yet learned that her host culture expects and enjoys in-tensive bargaining. There is no intent of animosity toward her (but she perceive it as animosity), she doesn’t yet understand interpersonal communication in that culture in that situation. (это пример первой причины bias (animosity))

6. There are 4 ways that people forms impressions of others while communicating. What are 2 of these ways? Provide examples. 1. Attribution. This theory refers to our understanding and summarizing others' behaviors by inferring their motivations. If someone does something we like, we attribute a positive motivation to that person because, after all, he or she practiced what we valued. Negative actions, however, cause us to infer a negative motivation—"He doesn't like me," "She's out to get me," "He's manipulative," "She really is working for a different position in the company." 2. Impression consistency. A related concept is called implicit personality theory. This theory implies that we seek consistency with our first "personality" assessment of another individual. If the first impression of a person's qualities is positive, then we ascribe additional positive qualities to that person. For instance, if Jim is energetic and assertive, then he will also be . What word did you think about inserting? Courageous? Intelligent? The theory predicts that some positive word will follow. In the same way, if the first-known qualities are negative, we assess the unknown with more negative features. If Jim is described as dumb and clumsy, what additional personality adjectives might be included? Probably something negative, according to the theory. In other words, a positive or negative "halo effect" extends from described qualities to unknown qualities. What is unknown is consistent with the known. 3. Incomplete information. This also accounts for poor perception and can result in negative attitudes. Personal circumstances may lead to inadequate or poor sampling from which to draw accurate data about a person or a group. This leads to hasty or limited generalization. 4. Following cultural attitudes. By custom and adherence to cultural attitudes, one can slide into negative attitudes toward out-groups simply by following cultural caricatures, stereotypes, and attitudes. One university student once explained, "My hometown and school never had any Hispanics, so I never realized my prejudice and feelings of people 'not like me.' When Armando and I first met, my exclusive attitudes erupted into an ethnic dislike and blocked seeing what a caring, sensitive man he really is."Cultures, schools, and families teach us in silent, yet numerous ways, how to feel about others "not like me." It is all too easy to lift the stereotypes others have invented and unconsciously apply this "in-group" judgment without question.

7. Author provived 13 different cultural elements. Name and example 4 of these. Provide example of each. 1) Cultural Rituals - Muslims have to pray at least five times a day. Christians don’t have strict rules about it. There are also many special rituals include weddings, births, funerals, graduations, which differ from country to country. 2) Cultural Rules and Procedures – in one culture it’s OK to address a teacher only with the name. In another culture we should also use a patronym in such a formal speech. Also, the way we greet each other, eyes contact… 3) Recognition and reward – we may encourage someone simply with a word of praise, or with money(it depends on what is appropriate) 4) Nonverbal behavior - Every culture has some system of nonverbal behaviors—gesture, touch, posture, and eye movement.