- •§ 1. Pronouns include a miscellaneous group of words which function in the sentence as noun pronouns or as adjective pronouns.
- •§ 2. We find the following personal pronouns in English:
- •§ 3. In addition to the above structural meanings of the per- sonal pronouns, they have a few other special applications.
- •§ 4. The personal pronouns change for case. There are two cases for personal pronouns — the nominative case and the objective case.
- •§ 5. As has been said, the pronoun it is generally used for con- crete things, abstract notions and animals.
- •§ 6. There are the following possessive pronouns in English:
- •§ 7. The possessive pronouns may also perform noun func- tions. Then they are used in their so-called absolute forms: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs.
- •§ 9. Reflexive pronouns may also be used in a different way: together with the verb they may form set phrases characterized by idiomatic meaning. The reflexive meaning of the self-pronoun
- •Emphatic Pronouns
- •Demonstrative Pronouns
- •§ 12. The pronoun this (these) refers to what is near in space, time or conception (a), that (those) to what is farther off (b).
- •§ 13. That, this are often found as part of set phrases. Here are some of them:
- •§ 14. The demonstrative pronoun such may mean of this or that kind (a) or indicate degree (b). Such is followed by the indefi- nite article before singular countable nouns.
- •Indefinite Pronouns
- •§ 20. The pronoun any is also used as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. In affirmative sentences any means 'it does not matter who, what or which'.
- •§ 21. The pronoun no is negative in meaning and used only as an adjective pronoun. It may mean 'not any' or 'not a'.
- •§ 22. There are the following compound pronouns formed with some-, any- and no-:
- •§ 23. The pronoun one in all of its uses refers exclusively to persons or things that are countable.
- •§ 25. The pronoun all can be used as a noun pronoun and as an adjective pronoun.
- •§ 26. The pronoun every is used only as an adjective pronoun. It modifies singular countable nouns when there are more than two objects of the same description.
- •§ 27. There are the following compound pronouns formed with every; everyone — everybody — everything.
- •§ 29. The pronoun other can be used as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun.
- •§ 31. The pronoun both is used as a noun pronoun and as an adjective pronoun. It is plural in meaning and applied only to two persons or things.
- •§ 32. The pronouns much and many are used as noun pro- nouns and as adjective pronouns.
- •§ 33, The pronouns little and few are used as noun pronouns and as adjective pronouns.
- •Interrogative Pronouns
- •§ 35. The interrogative pronouns are: who (whom), whose, what, which, how much and how many. They are all used in form- ing questions.
- •§ 37. The pronoun whose is a possessive interrogative pro- noun. It is used as an adjective pronoun, mostly in the function of an attribute, though occasionally it occurs as a predicative too.
- •§ 40. The pronouns how much and how many are used as noun pronouns and as adjective pronouns.
- •§ 43. It is noteworthy that not all the conjunctive pronouns can be used with all kinds of clauses mentioned above. Thus, subject, predicative and object clauses can be introduced by the conjunctive
§ 21. The pronoun no is negative in meaning and used only as an adjective pronoun. It may mean 'not any' or 'not a'.
e.g. He had no tie on.
They have no friends in London.
He had no desire to take decisions.
There are no letters for you today.
I have no money left.
There were no people in the hall.
No boy at the school had ever seen the sea.
He is no hero.
The girl was no beauty.
The old man was no fool.
Note the set phrase to be no good. e.g. He is no good as a pianist, ('никуда не годится')
§ 22. There are the following compound pronouns formed with some-, any- and no-:
someone — anyone — no one somebody — anybody — nobody something — anything — nothing
They are all used as noun pronouns and the rules for the use of some, any and no in different kinds of sentences hold good for them (see §§ 19-21 above).
The compounds in -one and in -body are singular in meaning and can be used only of persons, e.g. There is someone in his office. Do you hear them talking?
He'd told my landlady he was looking out for someone to paint him.
My mother wanted me to give more money to the fund than anyone in the form.
Is there anyone at home?
No one was in a hurry. No one seemed to think that to- morrow existed.
I found my mother in the kitchen. There was no one else at
home. Somebody must have been using my books. They've got all
misplaced on the shelf.
Anybody can see that the whole thing has been a failure. Did you meet anybody on your way home? Nobody can help him under the circumstances. The compounds in -one and in -body can have the form of the genitive case.
e.g. He isn't going to be in anybody's way at this hour of the night. Did you take anybody's photograph at the party?
Note. When the compounds in -one and in -body are followed by else, the geni- tive case suffix -'s is added after else. e.g. That's not my hat. It's somebody else's.
The difference between the compounds in -body and those in —
one is that the latter are, as a rule, more individualizing, i.e. the
compounds in -body refer to persons collectively, whereas those in
one refer to individuals.
Cf. Somebody is sure to get interested in the job. (=some people,
one or more persons) This is a letter from someone interested in the job. (=some
person, one person)
Nobody knew about her arrival. (= no people) No one had come to meet her. (= not a person) As a result, the compounds in -body are never followed by an of-phrase, while the compounds in -one sometimes are. e.g. Does anyone of you correspond with her family?
The compounds in -thing can be used only of things. They are also singular in meaning but they cannot have the form of the genitive case.
e.g. There is something wrong with him.
We were almost outside our house before I took in that some- thing was not right.
"Why don't you say something?" he demanded.
I'll do anything for you.
"Is there anything in the paper?" he said, as we approached the end of our silent meal.
Nothing could remove his disappointment.
The doctor could suggest nothing to me. (= The doctor could not suggest anything to me.)
He looked at me and didn't say anything.
Dirk never concealed anything.
Let me see your pictures. If there's anything I like, I'll buy it.
Note the idiomatic use of something in the following sen- tences:
e.g. He is something of a hermit. ('В нем есть что-то от отшель- ника'.)
I hope to see something of you during the holidays. ('Я наде- юсь видеть вас хоть иногда...')
Не is something in the Foreign Office. ('Он какое-то ответст- венное лицо в Министерстве иностранных дел.') Something or other prevented him from coming. ('По той или иной причине он не смог прийти. Что-то помешало ему прийти.')
It's something like two miles to the lake. (=approximately) I'll whistle the tune for you. It goes something like this. ('приблизительно вот так')
All the compound indefinite pronouns may be modified by ad- jectives which are generally placed in post-position to their head- words.
e.g. You should do something sensible about it at last. Somebody important has arrived, I'm sure. I want someone reliable to do this work. I thought he was going to tell me something painful. I thought I'd come and see if they had anything new.