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I. Guide to lexical stylistic devices

Lexical SD are further classified according to the nature of lexical meanings participating in their formation.

A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction* Between the Logical and Nominal Meanings of a Word. I

Antonomasia

Anlonomasia is always trite when its contextual mean- : ing is logical, because, >to be employed as a common noun, the proper name must have fixed logical associations between the name itself and the qualities of its bearer which may occur only as a result of long and frequent usage.

The second type of antonomasia, as a rule, is original, for the variety of common nouns becoming contextual proper names is unlimited, and thus each case is a unique creation. The main function of this type of antonomasia—to characterize the person simultaneously with naming him— is vastly used in the so-called "speaking mimes" (cf. Lady Teasle; Miss Sharp; Mr. Credulous, etc.). |

В. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical Meanings of a Word

(1) Various objects, phenomena, actions, etc., may possess similar features, which fact provides the possibility' of transference of meaning on the basis of similarity and association, i.e. metaphor. When likeness is observed between inanimate objects and human qualities, v/e speak of personification. When a group of metaphors is clustered around the same image to make it more vivid and comp-

* Binary opposition" applied to SD means first and foremost the opposition of "that which had been"—initial meaning and "that which appeared — contextual meaning.

Since it is important in each concrete case not only to state the origination of the new — contextual — meaning, but also to indicate peculiarities of the latter, we shall employ the term "interaction" which embraces both stages—the origination and the ensuing activities of the new meaning.

lete, we speak of a developed (sustained, prolonged) metaphor.

Metaphor can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. The most complete identification of the associated phenomena is achieved in verb-metaphors.

(2) Metonymy reflects the actually existing relations between two objects and is thus based on their contiguity. Since the types of relations between two objects can be finally limited, they are observed again and again, and metonymy in most cases is trite (cf. to earn one's bread; to live by the pen; to keep one's mouth shut, etc.). Most cases of original metonymy present relations between a part and the whole and are known as synecdoche. .

Metonymy is expressed by nouns or substantivized numerals. ('. . . She was a pale and fresh eighteen.')

(3) Irony is the clash of two diametrically opposite meanings within the same context, which is sustained in .oral speech by intonation. Irony can be realized also through the medium of the situation, which, in written speech, may extend as far as a paragraph, chapter or even the whole book. Bitter, socially or politically aimed irony is referred to as sarcasm.

С Stylictic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical and Emotive Meanings of a Word

(1) Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration of some quantity, quality, size, etc., big though it might be even without exaggeration.

If it is smallness that is being hyperbolized ("a woman of pocket size'), we speak of understatement, which works on identical principles but. in opposite directions with hyperbole proper.

(2) Epithet, the most explicitly subjective SD, structurally falls into: (a) word-epithets, i. e., epithets expressed by any notional part of speech in the attributive or adverbial function; (b) two-step epithets, i. e., epithets supplied by intensifiers ('marvellously radiant smile');-(c) syntactical epithets based on illogical syntactical relations between the modifier and the modified ('the brute of a boy'); (d) phrase-epithets, including into one epithet an extended phrase or a completed sentence ('a you-know-how-dirty-men-are look'); (e) sentence-epithets, expressed

■u 25

by a one-member (or one-word) sentence, which fulfils the function of emotive nomination ('Fool!').

In the sentence epithets are distributed: (a) singly ('a dry look'); (b) in pairs ('a wondeful and happy summer'); (c) in strings ('a ribald, thundering, insolent, magnifi cent laugh').

Semantic classification of epithets allows to differentiate among them metaphorical epithets, which are based on metaphor ('the iron hate') and transferred ones, which transfer the quality of one object upon its nearest neighbour ('a tobacco-stained smile') thus characterizing both of them.

(3) Oxymoron joins two antonynious words into one syntagm, most frequently attributive ('adoring hatred') or adverbial ('shouted silently'), less frequently of other patterns ('doomed to liberty'), etc.

Trite oxymorons ('pretty lousily', 'awfully nice' and others) have lost their semantic discrepancy and are used in oral speech and fiction dialogue as indicators of roused emotions.

In the treatment of both above-discussed groups В and С the attention must be focused on >the context and its role in the conversion of genuine SD into trite and dead one as well as on the structural and semantic peculiarities and types of them.-

D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction,

Between the Free and Phraseological Meanings of a Word

(or Between the Meanings of Two Homonyms)

The main stylistic function of the indicated SD is to create humorous effect. Proceeding from the quality of the context and the structure of the SD we shall differentiate

(1) Zeugma—the context allows to realize two meanings of the same polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) without the repetition of the word itself.

(2) Pun—the role of the context is similar to that of zeugma, while the structure is changed, for the central word is repeated.

(3) Semantically false chain—extended context pre pares the reader for the realization of a word in one contextual meaning when unexpectedly appears a semantically alien element forcing the second contextual meaning upon

the central word. As it is seen from the denomination of the SD, structurally it presents a chain of homogeneous members,* belonging to non-relating semantic fields but linked to the same kernel, which due to them is realized in two of its meanings simultaneously.

(4) Violation of phraseological units—occurs when the bound phraseological meanings of the components of the unit are disregarded and intentionally replaced by their original literal meanings.

EXERCISES

A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction

Between the Logical and Nominal Meanings

of a Word. Antonomasia

1. Discuss 'the interaction between the nominal and the contextual logical meanings and the associations caused by the latter in the following examples of antonomasia.

1. Kate kept him because she knew he would do anything in the world if he were paid to do it or was afraid not to do it. She had no illusions about him. In her business Joes were necessary. (St.)

2. In the dining-room stood a sideboard laden with glistening decanters and other utilities and ornaments in gi^ss, the arrangement of which could not be questioned. Here was something Hurstwood knew about ... He took no little satisfaction in telling each Mary, shortly after she arrived, something of what the art of the thing required.

(Dr.)

3. (The actress is all in tears). Her manager: "Now what's all this Tosca stuff about?" (S.M.)

4. "Christ, it's so funny I could cut my throat. Madame Bovary at Columbia Extension School!" (S.)

5. "You'll be helping the police, I expect," said Miss

Cochran.

"I was forgetting that you had such a reputation as

Sherlock." (D. S.)

* R. A. Budagov. Nabludenija nad jazikom i stilem I. Ufa i E. Pet-rova. Uchenijc zapiski LQU. Seria philol. nauk. Vip. 10. 1946.

6. Duncan was a rather short, broad, dark-skinned taciturn Hamlet of a- fellow with straight black hair. (D. H. L.)

7. Every Caesar has his Brutus. (О. Н.)

II. State the role of the context in the realization of the logical meaning of a word (or a word combination) in the following examples of antonomasia, commenting

. also on their structure.

1. Lady Teazle: Oh! I am quite undone! What will be-come of me? Now, Mr. Logic—Oh! mercy, sir, he's on the ■ stairs—(Sh.)

2. Her mother said angrily, "Stop making jokes. I don't . know what you're thinking iof. What does Miss Fancy think She's going'to do?" "I don't know yet," said Cathy. (St.)

3. Lucy: So, my dear Simplicity, let me give you a little respite. * . (Sh.)

4. . . .we sat down at a table with two girls in yellow ^:and three men, each one introduced to us as Mr. Mumble. (Sc. F.)

5. The next speaker was a tall gloomy man, Sir Something Somebody. (P.)

6. . . .she'd been in a bedroom with one of the young Italians, Count Something, . . (I. Sh.)

7. Then there's that appointment with Mrs. What's-her-name for her bloody awful wardrobe. (A. W.)

8. That What's-his- name—the rodeo rider was working the Stinson rodeo with you last year. (A. M.)

9. Hey, pack it in, ole Son, Mister What's-his-name"ll be here soon to have a look at this squatting chair of his. (A.W.)

JO. "A bit of village gossip. Mrs. Somebody or other's Ernie . . . had to go with his mother to the police station, (Ch.)

11. .. .He's a big chap. Well, you've never heard so many well-bred commonplaces come from beneath the same ■ bowler hat. The Platitude from Outer Space -that's brother Nigel. He'll end up in the Cabinet one day make no mistake. (0.)

12. The average man, Mr. Average Man, Mr. Taxpayer, as drawn by Rollin Kirby looks the average New York man making more than 5000 dollars a year, (J. O'H.).

13. This was Washingmachine Charley, or Louie the Louse as he was also called with less wit. All of them had

heard about him of course: the single plane who nightly made his single nuisance raid, and who had been nick-named by the stouthearted American troops. This information was in all news communiques. And in fact, because of the great height, the sound did resemble the noise made by an antiquated, onelung Maytag washer. But the nick-name proved to be generic. (J.)

14. "Rest, my dear,—rest. That's one of the most important things. There are three doctors in an illness like yours," he laughed in anticipation of his own joke.

"I don't mean only myself, ray partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays, the three I'm referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air." (D. C.)

III. Indicate the leading feature of the personages characterized by the following "speaking names".*

Mr. Gradgrind (D.); Mr. Goldfinger (Fl.); Becky Sharp (Th.); Bosinney the Bucanneer (G.); Lady Teazle, Joseph Surface, Mr. Carefree, Miss Languish, Mr. Backbite, Mr. Snake, Mr. Credulous (Sh,); Holiday Golightly (Т. С); Mr. Butt, Mrs. Newrich, Mr. Beanhead (L.)

B. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical Meanings of a Word

(1) Metaphor

I. Discuss the structure, grammatical category and syn-- tactical functions of metaphors in the following examples. .

L The clock had struck, time was bleeding away. (A. H.)

2. Dance music was bellowing from the open door of the Cadogan's cottage. (Bark.)

3. There had been rain.in the night, and now all the trees were'curtseying to a fresh wind . , . (A. H.)

* Moscow News once suggested a likewise explanation of the nicknames: ".„a man with red hair may be called Carrots, Ginger, or Rusty; the last name hints that he was left out in the rain as a baby. At school a fat boy may be-called Fatty, Tubby, or Football, while a thin one may be called Skinny, Lanky, or Spindly. A. tall one may. be Lofty, Lamp Post, or — in ironical spirit — Tiny or Shorty."

' . , 29

1 J ■■

1. She took a Bible from the shelf, and read; then, lay-ii i?; it down, thought of the summer (lays and the bright spring—time that would come, of the sweet air that would sieal in ... (D.)

5. "Will he ever come down those stairs again?" This thought lanced Constance's heart. (А. Г«.)

6. Another night, deep in the sumi-ier, the heat of my room sent me out into the streets. (T..C.)

7. . . .every hour in every day she could wound his pride. (D.)

8. Money burns a hole in my pocket. (Т. С.)

9. . . .The world was tipsy with its own perfections. (A.H.)

II. Differentiate between genuine and trite metaphors.

1. In the spaces between houses tbe wind caught her. It stung, it gnawed at nose and ears and aching cheeks, and she hastened from shelter to shelier . . . (S. L.)

2. Swan had taught him much. The great kindly Swede had taken him under his wing>(E. F.)

i "3. It being his habit not to jump or leap, or make an upward spring, at anything in life, but to crawl at everything. (D.)

4. Then would come six or seven good years when there rnipiit be 20 to 25 inches of rain, and 'he land would shout I with grass} (St.) . -•-=:,

I;. The laugh in her eyes died out and was replaced j by something else. (M. S.) . j

G. Death is at the end of that de'.ious, winding^maze oi paths. . . (Fr. N.)

7. Neither Mr. Povey nor Constance introduced the delicate subject to her again* and she had determined not to be the first ^:to speak of it. . . .So the matter hung, as it were, suspended in the ether between the opposing forces of pride and passion. (A. B.)

8. . . .her expression, an unrealized yawn, put, by example, a damper on the excitement Г felt over dining at so swanky a place. (T. C.)

9. Battle found his way to the Blue morning-room without difficulty. He was already familiar with the geography of the house. (Ch.)

10. It was a ladylike yawn, a closed-mouth yawn, but you couldn't miss it; her nostril-wings gave her away. (S.)

III. Stale the number and quality of simple metaphors comprizing the following sustained metaphors.

1. The stethoscope crept over her back. "Cough . . . Breathe . . ." Tap, tap. What was he hearing? What changes were going on in her body? What was her lung telling him through the thick envelope of her flesh, through the wall of her ribs and her shoulders? (D. C.) "~ 2. The artistic centre oLG^alloway is Kirkcudbright, where the painters form a scaue'rfeft "constellation, whose nucleus is in the High Street^ and wjjose outer stars twinkle in remote hillside cottages, j4m|«ning Brightness as far as gatehouse of Fleet. (D. S.)

3. The slash of run on the wall above him slowly knifes down, cuts across his chest, becomes a coin on the floor and vanishes. (U)

4. His countenance beamed with the most sunny smiles; laughter played around his lips, and good-humoured merriment twinkled in his eye. (D.)

5. The music came to him across the now bright, now dull, slowly burning cigarette of each man's life, telling him its ancient secret of all men, intangible, unfathomable defying long-winded description . . . (J.)

6. She had tripped into the meadow to teach the lambs a pretty educational dance and found that the lambs were wolves. There was no way out between 'their pressing gray shoulders. She was surrounded by fangs and sneering eyes. She could not go on enduring the hidden derision. She wanted to flee. Shi. wanted to hide in the generous indifference of cities. (S. L.)

7. As he walks along Potter Avenue the wires at their silent height strike into and through the crowns of the breathing maples. At the next corner, where the water from the ice-plant used io come down, sob into a drain, and reappear on the other side of the street. Rabbitt crosses over and walks beside the gutter where the water used to rurj coating the shallow side of its course with ribbons of green slime waving and waiting to slip under your feet and dunk you if you dared walk orj them. (U.)

8. I have been waiting to talk to you—to have you to myself, rio less—until I could chase my new book out of the house. I thought It never would go. Its last moments lingered on and on. it got up, turned again, took off its

> 31

gloves, again sat down, reached the door, came back until finally M. marked it down, lassoed it with a stout string, and hurled it at Pinker. Since then there's been an ominous silence. (К. М.)

9. His dinner arrived, a plenteous platter of food—but no plate. He glanced at his neighbors. Evidently plates were an affectation frowned upon in the Oasis.

Taking up a tarnished knife and fork, he pushed aside the underbrush of onions and came face to face with his steak.

First impressions are important, and Bob Eden knew at once that this was no meek, complacent opponent that confronted him. The steak looked back at him with an air of defiance that was amply justified by what followed. After a few moments of unsuccessful battling, he summoned the sheik. "How about a steel knife?" he inquired. .

"Only got three and they're all in use," the waiter replied.

Bob Eden resumed the battle, his elbows held close, his muscles swelling. With set teeth and grim face he bore down and cut deep. There was a terrific screech as his knife skidded along the platter, and to his horror he saw the steak rise from its bed of gravy and onions and fly from him. It traveled the grimy counter for a second, then ^dropped on to the knees of the girl and thence to the floor.

Eden turned to meet her blue eyes filled with laughter.

"Oh, I'm sorry," he said. "I thought it was a steak, and it seems to be a lap dog." (E. D. B.) • , ■? >

10. Directly he saw those rolling chalk hills he was conscious of a difference in himself and in them. The steaming stew-pan that was London was left to simmer under its smoky sky, while these great rolling spaces sunned themselves as they had sunned themselves in the days of the Barrow men. (W. D.)

IV. Speak about the role of the context in the creation of the image through a metaphor.

1. There, at the very core of London, in the heart of its business and animation, in the midst of a whirl of noise and notion . ... stands Newgate. (D.)

2. England has two eyes, Oxford and Cambridge. They are the two eyes of England, and two intellectual eyes. (Ch.T.)

32 • :''■':.

3. Beauty is but a flower

Which wrinkles will devour. (O. N.)

4. It appears to her that I am for the passing time the cat of the house, the friend of the family. (D.) .

5. Sunshine, the old clown, rims the door. (U.)

6. The waters have closed above your head, and the world has closed upon your miseries and misfortunes for ever. (D.)

'_rY« Analyse the following cases of personification.

1. On this dawn of October, 1885, she stood by her kitchen window . . . watching another dismal and rainy day emerge from the womb of the expiring night. And such an ugly, sickly-looking baby she thought it was that, so far as she was concerned, it could go straight back whore it came from. (P. M.)

2. He was fainting from sea-sickness, and a roll of the ship tilted him over -the rail on to the smooth lip of the deck. Then a low, gray mother-wave swung out of the fog, tucked Harvey under one arm, so to speak, and pulled him

. off and away to lee-ward; the great green closed over him,

and he went quietly 'to sleep. (R. K.)

/■ 3. A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's .(card. Jack is kind to the regular 'denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair warning of his annual call. At the corners of fpur streets he hands his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All Outdoors, so that the inhabitants (thereof may make ready. (О. Н.)

4. Dexter watched from the veranda of the Golf Club, watched the even overlap of the waters in the little wind,_/

.silver molasses under the harvest moon. Then the moon held a finger to her lips and the lake became a clear pool, pale and quiet. (Sc. F.)

5. Here and 'there a Joshua tree stretched out hungry ■ .black arms as though to seize these travelers by night, and

over that gray waste a dismal wind moaned constantly, chill and keen and biting. (E. D. B.)

6. The Face of London was now strangely altered . . the voice"оГЖопгпIng was" heard in every street. '-(D. ь.).

7. Mother Nature always.blusheg before_disrobing. (E.)

8. The rainy night had ushered 7n a misty morning'Thalf frost, half drizzle, and temporary brooks crossed our path, gurgling from the uplands. (E. Br.)

3 Заказ № 53

9. Chan shrugged. "All the time the big Pacific Ocean I suffered sharp pains down below, and tossed about to prove it. May be from sympathy I was in the same fix." (E.D.B.) U(rtM

10. Break, break, break Д>$

On the cold gray stones, О Sea! Break, break, break ' v

At the foot of thy chags, О Sea! (T.) i ■

(2) Metonymy

I. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.

1. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms. (А. В.),

V 2. The trenchful of dead Japanese made him feel even • worse but he felt he must not show this, so he had joined in ,. with the others; but his heart wasn't in it. (J.)

3. It must not be supposed that stout .women of a, certain age never seek to seduce the eye and trouble the meditation's of man by other than moral charms (A. B.) \/ 4. Daniel was a good fellow, honorable, brilliant, a figure in the world. But what of'his licentious tongue? What of his frequenting of bars? (A. B.)

5. If you knew how to dispose af the information,' you could do the Axis quite a bit of good by keeping your eyes and ears open in Gretley. (P.) ,

6. "You've got nobody to blame but yourself." "The saddest words of tongue or pen." (I. Sh.)

7. The syntax and idiom of the voice, in common "con_:versation, are not the syntax and idiom of the pen. (V.)

8. For several days he took an hour after his work to make inquiry taking with him some examples of his pen and inks. (Dr.)

^q. The praise . , . was enthusiastic enough to have

denghted any common writer who earns his living by his

---- pen . . . (S. M.) ; . .

\J 10. .,. .there would follow splendid years of great

works carried out together, the old head backing the young

.Cf

\j 11. Sceptre and crown must tumble down. '

And in the dust be equal made.

■ / With the poor crooked scythe and spade. (Shel.), V 12. He was interested in everybody. His mind was alert, and people asked him to dinner not for old times' sake, but because he was worth his salt. (S. M.) V 13. It was in those placid latitudes . . . in the Pacific, -where weeks, aye months, often pass without the margin-less blue level being ruffled by any wandering keel. (Fr. B.)

II. Differentiate between trite and original! metonymies.

1. . . .for every look that passed between them, and word they spoke, and every card they played, the dwarf had eyes and ears. (D.) ■^j 2. ". . .he had a stinking childhood."

"If it was so stinking why does he cling to it?" . "Use your head. Can't you see it's just that Rusty feels safer in diapers than he would in skirts?" (T. C.) \i 3. "Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks, and, if I am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures!" (Ch.)

4. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer invented bloomers in 1849 for the very daring sport of cycling. (D. W.) ■ 5. "I shall enjoy a bit of a walk."

"It's raining, you know." v "I know. I'v got a Burberry." (Ch.) n/ 6. Two men in uniforms were running heavily to the Administration building. As they ran, Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like advertisements for Munich beer, and running came ' hard to them . . .The first prisoner stopped and picked up -A one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it, but carried it, as he chased the guards ... He swung the rifle like a club, and one of the beer advertisements went down. (I. Sh.)

7. I get my living by the sweat of, my brow. (D.) v 8. I crossed a high toll bridge and negotiated a no man's land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder .with the Union Jack. (St.)

Yj 9. Tom and Roger came back to eat an enormous tea .and then played tennis till light failed. (S. M.)'

10. I hope you will be able to send your mother some-

W ' 35

thing from time to time, as we can give her a roof over her head, a place to sleep and eat but nothing else. (J. O'H.)

11. Being tired and dirty for days at a time and then having to give up because flesh and blood just couldn't .stand it. (S.M.)

12. . . .the watchful Mrs. Snagsby is there too—bone of his bone, flesh of his flesh, shadow of his shadow. (Eh)

13. Joe Bell's is a quiet place compared to most Lexing-* ton Avenue bars. It boasts neither neon nor television. (T.C.)

V 14. She was a sunny, happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle. (Ch.i .

. 15. To hell with Science! I have 4o laugh when I read some tripe these journalists write about it ... What has Science done for Modern Man? (P.)

16. It's the inside of the man, the warm heart of the man, the passion of the man, ithe fresh blood of the man . . . / that I speak of. (D) - ■

V 17. The streets were bedded with . ... six incfjes^gf cold, soft carpel,¹'churned to a dirty brown by the crush of teams and the feet of* men. Along Broadway men picked their way in ulsters and umbrellas. (Dr.)

_v 18, Up the Square, from the corner of King Street, „passed a woman in anew bonnet with pink strings, and a new blue dress -that sloped at the shoulders and grew to a vast circumference at the' hem. Through the silent sunlit solitude of the Square . . . this bonnet and this dress floated northwards in search of romance. (A. B.) \/ 19. "I never saw a Phi Beta Kappa | wear a wrist

^V watch." (J. O'H.)

III. Give the morphological and syntactical characteristics of metonymies.

'W' 1. Many of the hearts that throbbed so gaily then, have ceased to beat; many of the looks that shone so brightly then, have ceased to glow. (D.)

2. There had to be a survey. It cost me a few hundred pounds for the right pockets. (Fl.)

_t\j 3. He ... took a taxi, one of those small, low Philadelphia-made un-American-looking Yellows of that period. (J. O'H.)

4. She goes on fainter and fainter before my eyes. (D.)

\ 5. I have only one good quality—overwhelming belief in the brains and hearts of our nation, our state, our town.-

V "6. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (С. Н.) .

7. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey. (P.) ^v .

8. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. T. R.)

9. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Sh.)

10. The man carrying the black Gladstone refused the' help of the red Caps. ... Didn't he look strong enough to carry a little bag, a little Gladstone like this? . . They were young and looked pretty strong, most of these Red Caps . (J. O'H.)

(3) Irony

I. Analyse the following cases of irony, paying attention _tto the length of the context necessary to realize it:

\J 1. Contentedly Sam Clark drove off, in the heavy traffic of three Fords and the Minniebashie House Free Bus.

(S.L.) , . ..,

^2. Stoney smiled the;<sweetjsmile of. an alligator. (St.) n/ 3. Henry could get gloriously tipsy-on,tea. and conversation. (A.H.) ' . --—* У 4. She had so painfully reared three sons to be Christian gentlemen that one of them had become an Omaha bartender, one a professor of Greek, and one, Cyrus N. Bpgart, a boy of fourteen ,who was still at home, the most brazen member of the toughest gang in Boytown- (S. L.) V'-5. Even at this affair, which brought out the young smart set, the hunting squire set, the respectable intellectual set, they sat up with gaiety as with a corpse. (S. L.) V6. "If there's a war, what are you going to be in?" Lip-hook asked.

"The Government, I hope," Tom said, "Touring the lines in an armored car, my great belly shaking like a jelly. Hey did you hear 'that? That'sIpoetryT (J. Br.).

7. He could walk and run, was full of exact knowledge about God, and entertained no doubt concerning- the

. . '. 37

special partiality of a minor deity called Jesus towards himself. (A. B.)

8. ... Try this one, "The Eye of Osiris." Great stuff. All about a mummy. Or Kennedy's "Corpse on the Mat"—I that's nice and light and cheerful, like its title. (D. S.) \J 9. Blodgett College is on the edge of Minneapolis. It is a bulwark of sound religion. It is still combating the recent heresies of Voltaire, Darwin and Robert Ingersoll. Pious families in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas send their children thither, and Blodgett protects 'them from the wickedness of the universities. (S. L.)

10. ... the old lady . .. ventured to approach Mr. Benjamin Allen with a few comforting reflections of which the chief were, that after all, it was well it was no worse; the least said the soonest mended, and upon her word she did not know that it was so very bad after all; that what was over couldn't be begun and what couldn't be cured must be endured, with various other assurances of the like novel and strengthening description. (D.)

11. Poetry deals with primal and conventional thingof the hunger for bread, the love of woman, /the love of chbd j ren, the desire for immortal life. If men really had new sentiments, poetry could not deal with them. If, let us say, a man did not feel a bitter craving to eat bread; but did, by way of substitute, feel a fresh, original craving to eat fenders or mahogany tables, poetry could not express him. If a man, instead of falling in love with a woman, fell in love with a fossil or a sea anemone poetry could not express him. Poetry can only express what is original in one sense—the sense in which we speak of original sin. It is original not in the paltry sense of being new, but in the deeper sense of being old; it is original in the. sense that it deals with origins. (G. K. Ch.)

12. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makesWm master of the world.

.. .As the great cnampion of freedom and national independence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh.)

13. All this blood and fire business tonight was probably part of the graft to get the Socialists chucked out and leave honest business men safe to make their fortunes cut of murder. (L. Ch.)

14. England has been in a dreadful state for some

•

weeks. Lord Coodle would go out, Sir Thomas Doodle wouldn't come in, and there being nobody in Great Britain (to speak of) except Coodie and Doodle, there has been no Government. (D.)

15. It was at their beautiful country place in W. 'that we had the pleasure of interviewing the Afterthought. At their own cordial invitation, we had walked over from the nearest railway station, a distance of some fourteen miles. Indeed, as soon as they heard of our intention .they invited us to walk. "We are so sorry not to bring you in the motor," they wrote, "but the roads are so frightfully dusty that we might get dust on our chauffeur." That little touch of thoughtfulness is the keynote of their character. (L.) _ч 16. But George only lasted his mother as a source of posthumous excitement for about two months. Just as the quarrel with Elizabeth reached stupendous heights of vulgar invective (on her side), old Winterbourne got himself run over. So there was the excitement of the inquest and a real funeral, and widow's weeds and more tear-blotched letters. She even sent a tear-blotched letter to Elizabeth, "^rMch I saw, saying that 4wenty years'—it was really al-/. <st thirty — 'of happy married lite were over, both father him son were now happily united, and, whatever Mr. Win-terbourne's faults, he was a gentleman! (Heavily underlined and followed by several exclamation marks, the insinuation being apparently that Elizabeth was no lady.)

A month later Mrs." Winterbourne married the sheik— alas! no sheik now—at a London registry office, whence they departed to Australia to live a clean sportin' life. Peace be with them both—they were too clean and sportin' for a corrupt and unclean Europe. (A.)

C. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical and Emotive Meanings of a Word

(1) Hyperbole

1. Differentiate between the traditional and the genuine hyperboles in the following examples.

/ 1. God, I cried buckets. I saw it ten times. (T. A.) ^v 2. "Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old." (Sc. F.)

yj 3. There were about twenty people at the parly, most

of whom I hadn't met before. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br.)

4. She was very much upset by the catastrophe that had befallen the Bishops, but it was exciting, and she was tickled to death to have someone fresh to whom she could tell all about it (S. M.)

5. When she dropped her pose and smiled down she discovered Kennicott apoplectic with domestic pride . . . (S. L.)

6. Tom was conducted through a maze of rooms and labyrinths of passages. (D.)

7. A worn tweed coait on her looked, he always thought, worth ten times the painful finery of the village girls. (St.B.)

8. One night some twenty years ago, during a siege of mumps in our enormous family my younger sister Fran- [ ny was moved, crib and all, into the ostensibly germ-free j room I shared with my eldest brother Seymour. (S.)

9. I hope, Cecily, I shall not offend you if I state quite frankly and openly that you seem to me to be in every way the visible personification of absolute perfection. (0. W.)

10. Across my every path, at every 'turn, go where 1 will, do what I may, he comes. (D.)

11. ...he assured me that they had some (asparagus) so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a wonder. (S. M.)

II. State the nature of the exaggerated phenomenon (size, j quantity, emotion, etc.).

\j 1. .. .he'll go to sleep, my God he should, eight martinis before dinner and enough wine to wash an elephant. (T. C.) \j 2. You know how it is: you're 21 or 22 and you make some decisions: then whissh; you're seventy: you've been a lawyer for fifty years, and that white-haired lady at your side has eaten over fifty thousand meals with you. (Th. W.)

3. All the other attractions, with organs out of number and bands innumerable, emerged from the holes and corners in which they had passed the night. (D.)

4. George Lomax, his eyes always protuberant, but now goggling almost out of his head, stared at the closed door, (Ch.)

5. The afternoon-bridge . . . was held at Juanita Hay

dock's new concrete bungalow. Carol stepped into a sirocco of furnace heat. They were already playing. (S. L.)

6. A: Try and be a lady.

G: Aijah! That's been said a hundred billion times. (Th. W.)

7. .. .it is and will be for several hours the topic of the age, the feature of the century. (D.)

8. This is Rome. Nobody has kept a secret in Rome for three thousand years. (I. Sh.)

9. .. .said Bundle, after executing a fanfare upon the klaxon which must temporarily have deafened the neighbourhood. (Ch.)

10. It's not a joke, darling. I want you to call him up and tell him what a genius Fred is. He's written ban els of the most marvellous stories. (T. C.)

11. A team of horses couldn't draw her back now; the bolts and bars of the old Bastille couldn't keep her. (D.)

12. And as he was capable of giant joy, so did he harbor huge sorrow, so that when his dog died, the world ended. (St.)

13. .. .she has a nose that's at least three inches too long. (A.H.)

III. Compare hyperbole and understatement.

\/ 1. (John Bidlake feels an oppression in the stomach after supper): "It must have been that caviar," he was thinking. "That beastly caviar." He violently hated caviar. Every sturgeon in the Black Sea was his personal enemy. (A. H.) '

2. .. .he was all sparkle and glitter in the box at the Opera (D.)

3. "You remember that awful dinner dress we saw in Bonwit's window . . . She had it on. And all hips. She kept asking me. . ." (S.)

V 4. Calpurnia was all angles and bones; her hand was as wide as a bed slat and twice as hard. (IT. L.)

5. This boy, headstrong, wilful, and disorderly as he is, should not have one penny of my money, or one crust of my bread, or one grasp of my hand, to save him from the loftiest gallows in all Europe. (D.)

6. They were under a great shadowy train shed . . . with passenger cars all about and the train moving at a snail pace. (Dr.)

7. She would recollect and for- a fraction of a fraction of a second she would think "Oh, yes, I remember," and build up an explanation on the recollection . . . (J. O'H.) J 8. Her eyes were open, but only just. "Don't move the I tiniest part of an inch." (S.) j

J9. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed f her hands solemnly on her middle. (G.) j

IV. Analyse the following examples of developed hyperbole."}

\J 1. The fact is that while in the county they were also in the district; and no person who lives in- the district, even if he should be old and have nothing to do but reflect upon things in general, ever thinks about the county. So far as the county goes, the district might as well be in the middle of the Sahara. It ignores the county, save that it uses it nonchalantly sometimes as leg-stretcher on holiday afternoons, as a man may use his back garden. It has nothing in common with the county; is richly sufficient in itself. (A. B.)

2. In the intervening forty years Saul Pengarth had often been moved to anger; but what was in hmi now had room for thirty thousand such angers and all the thunder that had ever crackled across the sky. (M. W.) ]

3. George, Sixth Viscount Uffenham, was a man built I on generous lines. U was as though Nature had originally I intended to make two Viscounts but had decided halfway through to use all the material at one go, and get the thing • over with. In shape he resembled a pear, being reasonably ! narrow at the top but getting wider all the way down and ; culminating in a pair of boots of the outsize or violin-case type. Above his great spreading steppes of body there was poised a large and egglike head, the bald dome of which rose like some proud mountain peak from a foothill fringe of straggling hair. His upper lip was very long and straight, his chin pointed. (P. G. W.)

4. Those three words 'Dombey and Son' conveyed the one idea of Mr, Dombey's life. The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their orbits to preserve a system of which they were the centre. Common abbreviations took new

-12

meanings in his eyes and had sole reference to them: A. D. had no concern with Anno Domini, but stood for Anno Dombey and Son. (D.)

5. That was Lulamae and Fred. Well, you never saw a more pitiful something. Ribs sticking out everywhere, legs so puny they can't hardly stand, teeth wobbling so bad they can't chew much. (T. C.)

(2) Epithet

I. Discuss the structure of epithets.

1. "Can you tell me what time that game starts today?" The girl gave him a lipsticky smilo. (S.)

2. The day was windless, unnaturally mild; since morning the sun had tried to penetrate the cloud, and now above the Mall, the sky was still faintly luminous, coloured like water over sand. (Hut.)

3. Silent early morning dogs parade majestically pecking and choosing judiciously whereon to pee. (St.)

4. The hard chairs were the newlywed-suit kind often on show in the windows of shops. (K. A.)

5. ... whispered the spinster aunt with true spinster-aunt-like envy . .. (D.)

6. I closed my eyes, smelling the goodness of her sweat and the sunshine-in-the-breakfast-room smell of her lavender-water. (J. Br.j

7. Stark stared at him reflectively, that peculiar about to laugh, about to cry, about to sneer expression on his face. (J.)

8. Eden was an adept.at bargaining, but somehow all his cunning left him as he faced this Gibraltar of a man. (E.D.B.)

9. At his full height he was only up to her shoulder, a little dried-up pippin of a man. (G.)

10. "Thief," Pilon shouted. "Dirty pig of an untrue friend." (St.)

11. An ugly gingerbread brute of a boy with a revolting grin and as far as I was able ito ascertain, no re'deem-ing qualities of any sort. (P. G. W.)

12. A breeze . . . blew curtains in and out like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling. (Sc. F.)

13. He wore proud boxing gloves of bandages for weeks after that. (St. B.)

14. "I'd rather not know who did it. I'd rather not even think about it."

"Ostrich," said her husband. (Ch.)

15. 'Tool! Idiot! Lunatic!" she protested vehemently. (P. G. W.)

16. You shall pay me for the plague of having you eternally in my sight. Do you hear, damnable jade? (E. Br.)

17. "Why, goddam you," Bloom screamed. "You dirty, yellow, sneaking, twofaced, lying, rotten Wop you," he said, "yellow little Wop." (J.)

II. Classify the following into phrase-epithets and phrase-logical attributes.

1. ...a lock of hair fell over her eye and she pushed it back with a tired, end-of-the-day gesture. (J. Br.)

2. .. .he was harmless, only just twenty, with a snub nose and curly hair and an air of morning baths and early to bed and plenty of exercise. (J. Br.)

3. You don't seem to have any trouble controlling yourself, do you?.. Not like poor old slobbery, heart-on-his-tongue Buster here; at all. (I: Sh.)

4. He was an old resident of Seabourne, who looked after the penny-in-the-slot machines on "the pier. (B. N.)

5. The shot sent the herd off bounding wildly and leaping over one another's backs in long, leg-drawn-up leaps . . . (H.)

6. She stopped at the door as if she'd been hit or as if a hundred-mile-an-hour gale had sprung up and she were bracing herself against it. (J. Br.)

7. His view is that a sermon nowadays should be a bright, brisk, straight-from-the-shoulder address, never lasting more than ten or twelve minutes. (P. G. W.)

8. . . .the extravagant devil-may-care creatures he portrayed on the stage. (S. M.)

9. "Uncle Wills looks at me all the time with a signed 'I told you so' expression in his eyes, "he said im- | patiently. (D. du M.).

10. So think first of her, but not in the "I love you so that nothing will induce me to marry you" fashion. (G.)

11. Dave does a there-I-told-you-so look. (A. W.)

re-

12. She gave Mrs. Silsburn a you-know-how-men-are

look- (S.)

13. And one on either side of me the dogs crouched down with a move-if-you-dare expression in their eyes. (Gr.)

14. ..• They (wives) really got only a sense of self-preservation ... everything else will be a foreign language to her. You know. Those innocent I-don't-know-what-you're-talking-about eyes? (A. W.)

III. Analyse the following string-epithets as to the length of the string and the quality of its components.

1. She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly longing for something better. (Dr.)

2. The money she had accepted was two soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills. (Dr.)

3. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad * old creature!" cried Bella. (D.)

4. Jack would have liked to go over and kiss her pure, polite, earnest, beautiful American forehead. (I. Sh.)

v 5. "Now my soul, my gentle, captivating, bewitching, and most damnably enslaving chick-a-biddy, be calm, * said Mr. Mantalini. (D.)

V 6. It was an old, musty, fusty, narrow-minded, clean and bitter room. (R. Ch.)

7. "You nasty, idle, vicious, good-for-nothing brute,"' . cried the woman, stamping on the ground, "why don't you turn the mangle?" (D.)

8. And he watched her eagerly, sadly, bitterly, ecstati- _xcally_T as she walked lightly from him . . . (Dr.)

9. ... There was no intellectual pose in the laugh that followed, ribald, riotous, cockney, straight from the belly. (D. du M.)

10. Mrs. Bogart was not the acid type of Good Influ- J ence. She was the soft, damp, fat, sighing, indigestive, clinging, melancholy, depressingly hopeful kind. (S. L.)

11. "A nasty, ungrateful, pig-headed, brutish, obstinate, sneaking dog," exclaimed Mrs. Squeers. (D.)

12. ...they thought themselves superior. And so did Eugene—the wretched creature! The cheap, mean, nasty, selfish upstarts! Why, the majority of them had nothing. (Dr.)

IV. Pick out metaphorical epithets.

1. The iron hate in Saul pushed him on again. He heard the man crashing off to his right through some bushes. The stems and twigs waved frantically with the frightened movement of the wind. (M. W.)

2. She had received from her aunt a neat, precise, and circumstantial letter. (W. D.)

3. There was an adenoidal giggle from Audrey. (St. B.)

4. Liza Hamilton was a very different kettle of Irish. Her head was small and round and it held small and round convictions. (St.)

5. He would sit on the railless porch with the men when the long, tired, dirty-faced evening rolled down the narrow

* valley, thankfully blotting out the streets of shacks, and listen to the talk. (J.)

6. There was his little scanty travelling clothes upon ' him. There was his little scanty box outside in the shivering wind. (D.)

7. His dry tailored voice was capable of more light and shade than Catherine had supposed (Hut.)

8. All at once there is a goal, a path through the shapeless day. (A.M.)

9. With his hand he shielded his eye against the harsh watty glare from the naked bulb over the table. (S.)

V. Speak about morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics of epithets.

1. "It ain't o' no use, Sir," said Sam, again and again. "He's a malicious, bad-disposed, vordly-minded, spiteful, windictive creetur, with a hard heart as there ain't no soft' nin\" (D.)

2. I pressed half a crown into his ready palm and left. (W. Q.)

3. Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. (H. L.)

4. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled, the degraded days, unworthy desires, wrecked faculties and base motives that made up his existence. (0. II.)

5. Cecily, ever since I first looked at your wonderful

and incomparable beauty, I have dared to love you wildly, passionately, devotedly, hopelessly. (O. W.)

6. The noon sun is lighting up red woundlike stains on their surfaces ... (A. M.)

7. He was young and small and almost as dark as a Negro, and there was a quick monkey-like roguishness • to his face as he grabbed the letter, winked at Bibi and shut the door. (T. C.)

8. ... the open-windowed, warm spring nights were lurid with the party sounds, the loud-playing phonograph • and martini laughter that emanated from Apartment 2. (T. CO

9. A spasm of high-voltage nervousness ran through

him. (T. H.)

10. "Fool," said the old man bitingly. (Ch.)

11. He had been called many things—loan-shark,-skinflint, tightwad pussyfoot—but he had never before' been called a flirt. (S. I,.)

VI. Suggest the object the quality of which was used in the following transferred epithets.

I. He was a thin wiry man with a tobacco-stained smile. (T. H.)

.2. He sat with Daisy in his arms for a long silent time. (Sc. F.)

3. There was a waiting silence as the minutes of the previous hearing were read. (M. W.)

4. He drank his orange-juice in long cold gulps. (I.Sh.).

5. The only.place left was the deck strewn with nervous cigarette butts and sprawled legs. (J.)

6. Leaving indignant suburbs behind them they finally emerged into Oxford Street. (Ch.)

7. Nick smiled sweatily. (H.)-

8. She watched his tall quick step through the radiance of the corner streetlight. (St.)

9. Lottie . . . retreated at once with her fat little steps to the safety of,her own room. (Hut.)

10. . . .boys and young men . . . talking loudly in the concrete accents of the N. Y. streets. (I. Sh.)

II. In imagination he heard his father's rich and fleshy laugh. (A. H.)

(3) Oxymoron

I. J)iscuss the structure of the following oxymorons. ll They looked courteous curses at me. (St.) 2- He . . . caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness

of ifag barracks.' (I. Sh.) ,3. \ .he was certain the whites could easily detect

his adoring hatred of them, (Wr.) . 4) It was an unanswerable reply and silence prevailed

again. (D.)

5, Her lips . . . were . . . livid scarlet. (S.M.) 4i.The boy was short and squat with the broad ugly

pleasant face of a T#m'Ј?(<j&Gr.) .

7. A very likeable young man, Bill Eversleigh. Age at a' guess, twenty-five, big and rather ungainly in his movements, a pleasantly ugly face, a splendid set of white teeth and a pair of honest blue eyes. (Ch.)

8. From the bedroom beside the sleeping-porch, his wife's detestably cheerful "Time to get up, Georgie bo^ "... (S. L.)

. 9 The little girl who had done this was eleven—beautifully ugly" as little girls ^r&r^lJ&JiS who are, destined aTiejualew years to be irfexprc^siWy ldvely . . . (Sc. F.)

JjЈ Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield a/e Good .Bad BoyjjDf American literature. (V.)

U . . .a neon sign which reads, "Welcome-ftyfteno, the biggest little town in the world." (A. M.)

12. "Tastes like rotten apples," said Adam. "Yes, but remember, Jam Hamilton said like good rotten apples." (St.)

13. "It was you who made me a liar," she cried silently. (M. W.)

14. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than thunder. (U.)

15. I got down off that stool and walked to the door in a silence that was as loud as a ton of coal going down a chute. (R. Ch.)

16. I've made up my mind. If you're wrong, you're wrong in the right way. (P.)

P? Heaven must be the hell of a place. Nothing but rerjfirjitant sinners up there, isn't it? (Sh. D.)

i8* Soapy walked eastward through a street dainaged byjjnjproyements ... He seemed doomed to libertv"! (O.H.)

II. Find original and trite oxymorons among the following.

1. For an eternity of seconds, it seemed, the din was all but incredible. (S.)

2. Of course, it was probably an open secret locally.

(Ch.)

3. She was a damned nice woman, too. (H.)

4. He'd behaved pretty lousily to Jan. (D. C.)

5. . . .It's very tender, it's sweet as hell, the way the women wear their prettiest every thing. (T. C.)

6. Doc has the hands of a brain surgeon and a cool warm mind . . ) He was concupiscent as a rabbit and gentle as hell. (St.)

D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction

Between the Free and Phraseological Meanings of a Word

(Or Between the Meanings of Two Homonyms)

(1) Zeugma

I. State in which cases zeugma is created through <the simultaneous realization of different meanings of a polysemantic word and in which through homonyms.

1. His looks were starched, but his white neckerchief was not; and its long limp ends struggled over his closely-buttoned waistcoat in a very uncouth and unpicturesque manner. (D.)

2. Gertrude found her aunt in a syncope from which she passed into an apostrophe and never recovered. (L.)

3. There comes a period in every man's life, but she's just a semicolon in his. (Ev.)

4. "Have you been seeing any spirits?" inquired the old gentleman. "Or taking any?" added Bob Allen. (D.)

5. "Sally," said Mr. Bentley in a voice almost as low as his intentions, "let's go out to the kitchen." (Th. S.)

6. "Where did you pick up Dinny, Lawrence?" "In the street."

"That sounds improper." (G.)

7. Jo: I'm going to unpack my bulbs. I wonder where I can put them.

4 3aKa3 Jtt 53

Helen: I could tell you.

Jo: They're supposed to be left in a cool, dark place. Helen: That's where we all end up sooner or later. Still, it's no use worrying, is it? (Sh. D.)

II. Classify the following into zeugmas and semantically false chains.

.) "and a

All

4 Mr. Stiggins . . .took his h'at and his leav

_V2. Disco was working in all his shore dih pair of beautiful carpet suppers. (R. K-)"

W. Mr. Trundle was in high feather and spirits . the~girls were in tears and white muslin. (D.)

^S She put on a white frock fhat suited the sunny riv-ersWfi and her, (S. M.)

"5". The faTboy went into the next room; and having been absent about a minute, returned with the snuff-box and .the palest face that ever a fat boy wore. (D.)

6? She had her breakfast and her baib LS ,M.) .

^T^Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agifated, and*"went straight home in a flood of iears and a sedan chair. (D.)

A young girl who had a yellow gpTfyk and a cold In ead tht did t t ll

&: A young girl who had a yellow gpTfyk and a cold In the head that did not go on too well together, was helping aTroTcTTady . . . (P.)

9. . . .the outside passengers . . . remain where they are, and stamp their feet against the coach to warm them— looking with longing eyes and red noses at the bright fire irt t^imbar. (D.)

.10. Cyrus Trask mourned for his wife with a keg of whis-ky and three old army trends. (St.)

11. Its atmosphere and crockery werejhick, its na^pery and soup were thin. (O. H.)

12. Mr. Smangle was still engaged in relating a long story, the chief point of which appeared to be that, on some, occasion particularly stated and set forth, he had "done" a bill and a gentleman at the same time. (D.)

13. He struck off his pension .and his head together.

14. Sophia lay between blankets in the room overhead with a feverish cold. This cold and her new dress were Mrs. Baine's sole consolation at the moment. (A. B.)

15. From her earliest infancy Gertrude had been brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed. 50

her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism to make sure. (L.)

16. . . .he's a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don't share his fixations, of which Holly is one. Some others are: ice hockey, Weimaraner dogs, 'Our Gal Sunday' (a soap serial he has listened to for fifteen years), and Gil- • bert and Sullivan—he claims to be related to one or the^th: er,i-«an't remember which. (T.C.) ■" " * '

(lTj^B^it^he^heard and remembered discussions of Freud, Romain Rollan* syndicsHs.rrL^ne Confederation Generale, du Travail, feminism v^haTemjs^t^Efrlese lyrics, naturalization of mines, Christian Sxfence, "and fishing in Onta-, rio. (S. L.)

18. Only, .at the^annual balls of the Firemen .. . was there such prodigality of chiffon scarfs and tangoing and heart-burnings . . . (S. L.)

19. Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin pret-tiness, devoted to experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandalbearing, shook her finger at Carol . . . (S. L.)

20. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and high temperature. (G.)

&h A Governess wanted. Must- possess knowledge of Rumanian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, German. Music and Mining Engineering. (L.)

(2) Pun

I. Indicate cases when a pun is created through homonyms and when through different meanings of a polysemantic word.

1. Lord G.:I am going to give you some good advice. Mrs. Ch.: Oh! Pray don't. One should never give a woman anything that she can't wear in the evening. (O.W.)

2. For a time she put a Red Cross uniform and met other ladies similarly dressed in the armory, where bandages were rolled and reputations unrolled. (St.)

3. "Are you going to give me away?" she whispered.

I looked surprised, though I didn't feel surprised. "What is there to give away?"

"There's plenty, and you know it . . . It worried me all last night."

4* 51

"I can't see that it matters," I said. "And as for giving you away, I wouldn't know what to give away or who cught to have it when it's given away.> So let's drop the subject." (P.)

4. J.: . . .I'm starting work on Saturday. H.: Oh, yes, she's been called to the bar. P.: What sort of a bar?

J.: The sort you're always propping up. I'm carrying on the family traditions. (Sh. D.)

5. Did you hit a woman with a child? No, Sir, I hit her with a brick. (Th. S.)

6. It rained during the US—USSR match at summit level in Moscow. But it not only rained rain, it rained records. (D. W.)

7. "I was such a lonesome girl until you came," she said. "There's not a single man in all this hotel that's half alive;"

"But I'm not a single man," Mr. Topper replied cautiously.

"Oh, I don't mean that," she laughed. "And anyway I hate single men. They always propose marriage." (Th. S.)

8. She always glances up, and glances down, and doesn't know where to look, but looks all the prettier. (D.)

9. Alg.: . . .Besides, your name isn't Jack at all; it is Ernest.

Jack.: It isn't Ernest; it's Jack.

Alg.: You have always told me rt was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one as Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life. It is perfectly absurd your say ing that your name isn't Ernest. (0. W.)

(3) Violation of Phraseological Units

I. Discuss the manner in which a phraseological unit (or a compound word) is violated (prolongation, change of one of the components, etc.).

1. "They're coming--the Anlrobuses. Your hope. Your despair. Your selves." (Th. W.)

2. Furthermore, the white man knows his history, knows himself to be a devil, and knows that his time is running out, and all his technology, psychology, science and "trick-

nology" are being expended in the effort to prevent black men from hearing the truth. (J. B.)

3. They got television, telephone, telegram, tell-a-worn-an, and tell-a-friend. (Wr.)

4. . . .You're incurable, Jimmy. A thousand pounds in the hand is worth a lot of mythical gold. (Ch.)

5. . . .gorgeous Holly Golightly, twenty-year-old Hollywood starlet and highly publicized girl-about-New York. (T.C.)

6. He finds time to have a finger or a foot in most things that happen round here. (J. L.)

7. He remained sound to his monarchial principles, though he was reported to have his finger in all the backstairs pies that went on in the Balkans. (Ch.)

8. LittlaJon was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and large. (G.)

9. "Dear Adam: Forget not thy servants in the days of thy prosperity. Charles never spent a dime. He pinched , a dollar until the eagle screamed." (St.)

10. It was toward evening, and I saw him on my way out to dinner. He was arriving in a taxi; the driver helped him totter into the house with a load of suitcases. That gave me something to chew on: by Sunday my jaws were quite tired. (T. C.)

11. Another person who makes both ends meet is the infant who sucks his toes. (E.)

12. The young lady who burst into tears has been put together again. (D.)

- 13. The only exercise some women get is running up bills. (E.)

EXERCISES FOR GENERAL STYLISTIC ANALYSIS*

1. She bought a budget-plan account book and made her budgets as exact as budgets are likely to be when they lack budgets. (S. L.)

2. Chancing to look from an upper window Ruth saw a suggestive thing happen. The Union Jack went fluttering

* In exercises for general stylistic analysis the main task is not so much to recognize and identify corresponding lexical SD, as to indicate their function and role in the realization of the author's ultimate aim.

up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of gold. (W. D.)

3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and wicked to consider.

Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's Country. (S. L.)

4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)

5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)

6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and shapely. (W.D.)

7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . . (D.)

8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)

9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)

10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)

11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent. (D.)

12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window, one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't seem to be represented?" (Ch.)

13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)

14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)

15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he raised himself... (I. Sh.)

16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven visible over the street. (I. Sh.)

17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)

18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)

19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)

20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)

21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world, and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)

22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood, perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)

23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train fairly started on one of those