Lecture 4-5: Feudal states in Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc.

The objective of the lecture:  To show the political history of feudal states. Development of economics. Relationships of these states between each other and neighbor states. Reasons of the collapse of these states.

Outline of the lecture

1. Turkic states on the southern Kazakhstan.

2. Turkic states on the Central Kazakhstan.

3. Turkic states on the eastern Kazakhstan.

4. Turkic states on the western Kazakhstan.

State and existing duration	Capital and borders	Political structure and social relations	Economy, culture, population	Political history
Turk and  Western-Turk Kaganate (552-703)	Middle Asia, lands from Caspian Sea till North India	The main person was Kagan – a supreme head. Then there are Yabgu, Shad and Elteber. Administrative functions were provided by Buyruks and Tarkhans. They considered their origination from wolf.	Economy was generally based on nomadism and cattle-breeding. Population was busy with trade, cattle-breeding and crafts. Towns and culture of farming were formed by Sogdiana people, the Turks, people from Syria, Persia. Religion represented by Tengreism, Buddhism, Christianity.	Firstly ethnonym “Turk” was mentioned in Chineese scriptures in 542. In 546 there was a war between Turks and Awars. As a result, on the disturbing of this state it was appeared Turks Kaganate. In 551 Bumyn accepted the title of Kagan.
Turgesh state (703-756)	United the tribes of Zhetisu, Altai, and Central Asia. The capital – Suyab. Suluk-Kagan replaced capital to Taraz.		Cattle-breeding, trading.	The most powerful the Kaganate was during the reign of Suluk-Kagan. He established diplomatic relations with China, took parts in the war against Arabs in Central Asia. In 751 battle between Arabs and Chinese at Atlakh. Chinese were defeated.
Karluk state (756-940)	The Karluks came to Zhetisu from Altai. The settled from the Jungarian Alatau to the central part of the Syrdarya, in the valley of the rivers Ili, Shu, Talas. Capital was replaced from Taraz to Kashgar.	The presence of highly-developed forms of tribal system. The power of Karluk - Yabgu was nominal. The upper position was occupied by Kagan.	Strong inequality of poor and rich. A common population consisted of cattle-breeders.	They had to oppose China – the Tan empire, which captured Zhetisu. The Karluks waged wars against Uigurs, the Oguzes. It possessed rich towns in Zhetisu (25 towns), trade routs, controlled the routs to China. This state fell after attack of the Turks from Eastern Turkestan, who formed the state of Karakhanids in Kashgaria.
Karakhanid state (942-1210)	Zhetisu, Southern Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. The state was divided into two main parts: eastern with the center in Kashgar and Balasagun (near the town Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan).	The power belonged to two tribe unions: the Chigili and Yagma. The Kagan took the title of “Kagan” of all Kagans”; it meant that that he had power over all the Turks.	Karakhanid state had another system of administration. The leader of the state – Tamgach-Khan ruled over the country through the nobles who were the chief of the regions. The nobles were given the right to take taxes from their land. The land had been given to them for state and military service. This land was called “Ikta”. In 955 Islam was proclaimed as an official religion.	The famous Khan – Satuk Bogra-khan. In XII c. Karakitais conquered Zhetisu. In 1210 Naimans invaded to Eastern part of the state. In 1212 the last Kagan of the Western part Osman was killed and the Fergan branch of Karakhanids disappeared.
Karakitay state (1128-1213)	Territory of Manzhuria and Ussuri. Balasagun is a capital.	Mongolian-speaking tribes. The main person – Gurkhan. Strict military system	Cattle-breeding, caravan trading, crafts.	In 1128 Eluy Dashi occupied Balasagun, and defeated Karakhanids. Conquered Bukhara and Mavrenakhr. In 1208 Naimans under the leading of Kushluk escaped to Karakitais.
Oguzes (IX-X cc.)	From Caspean Sea to the Balkhash. The capital is Yangikent.	Yabgu is a head of the state. Oguzes have consisted of 24 tribes. The Oguze state was divided on uruks and aimaks. The council of large military-tribal aristocracy limited the authority of the Supreme governor. There was a personnel management and system of regular taxations.		In 965 they concluded the military treaty with the Russian duke Svyatoslav against Hazars. In 985 the Oguzes waged wars against the Bulgars in the union with the Russian duke Vladimir. In XI c. promotion of Oguzes to Iran and Forward Asia began State fell under the attack of the Kypchaks.
The Kimak and Kipchak state. (VIII-X cc.)	The Kimaks lived in Altai and near Irtysh river.  From the second half of the VIII c. the Kimaks and Kipchaks began to settle in Zhetisu. Some groups reached the Caspian sea.	Kagans had the supreme power; they appointed tsars or khans to the regions. Power was hereditary. Plots of land were given to the tsar or khans for service by the Kagan. The chief of the regions had rights to collect taxes. Inequality appeared and the tribes were divided into aristocracy and poor nomads or poor peasants (jataks).	Occupation of these tribes was nomadic cattle-breeding. Remains of the irrigation system and palaces in towns are the evidence of semi-settled way of life. 16 towns were in state. They hunted jeirans, kulans sables, and foxes. Farmers cultivated millet, pea, bean, rice, grapes.	In the XI c. after the fight against Oguzes the Kipchaks opened the way to the riches of the Middle Asia. The struggle with the state of the Khorezmshakhs for towns near Syr-Darya led to the establishment of diplomatic and family relations between Kipchaks and Khorezmshakhs. The Kipchaks were used in many armies of many states. In the XII c. the interethnic disputes between Kipchaks tribes split their state. Later they were captured by Mongols.
The Naimans and Kereits. (X-XIII cc.)	They settled in Eastern Kazakhstan where they come from Eastern Turkestan.	All the territory was divided into uluses, the rules of uluses had their personal pastures for summer and winter grazing. Khan’s residence was called “horde”. In 1007 Naimans and Kereits adopted Christianity of Nestorian teaching. The rulers of this state persecuted the supporters of the Islam and had a conflict with the Islamic Khorezmshahs.	The Naimans and Kereits had lower development in social life and economy. The main occupation was nomadic cattle-breeding and hunting, trade and craft.	In 1211 their khan Kushluk captured Zhetisu and put the Karakitai’s Gurkhan into prison.

 Lecture 6: Mongolian invasions

The objective of the lecture: To show the foundation of Mongolian empire. Shingizkhan’s activity. Invasions to the territory of Kazakhstan and struggle of Turkic people against these invasions. Economic, political and cultural consequences of invasions.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Foundation of Mongolian empire.

2. Invasions to Kazakhstan.

3. Consequences of invasions. 

    Foundation of Mongolian empire. In the half of the XII c. Mongol tribes directed to the west from Orkhon and Kerulen. Mongols placed on the territory from Baikal, banks of Enisey and Irtysh on the north to the desert Gobi.

    In the end of the XII c. Mongol tribes disintegrated and classes formed. Rulers of tribes captured lands, pastures, slaves. Endless wars between Mongols and Turkic tribes – Mongols, Kereits, Naimans, Tatars, Kongrats and others finished at the beginning of the XIII c. when Mongol empire was founded, which was headed by Shingiz-khan.

    Temuchin was born in 1155 (1162) in the family of the famous representative Mongol nobility – Yesugey – Bagatur. He lost his father in the childhood (when he was 9 years old). But the Heaven’s way unknown. He organized a group of confident fellows and became as brave man due to lucky campaigns. He was one of the powerful leaders in Central Asian steppes.

    In 1206 Mongol Nobels proclaimed him a main ruler – Shingiz-khan.

    Mongol state was formed on the principles of military-administrative organization. Territory and population were divided in three military-administrative okrugs: Barun gar, Jun gar and Kul. Each okrug consist of Tumens (10 thousand), each thousand – of 10 hundreds. Lowest unit is “ten”- when the group of nomadic tribes was obliged to give 10 warriors.

    Conquest of Mongols in the beginning of XIII c.  In the 1211 Shingiz-khan conquered the Northern China with the capital of Beiping (Peking). Mongols recognized military technology machines and brought it to Mongolia and it improved military power of army. Shingiz-khan had all information about the state, which he wanted to conquer, which received from traitors, from Muslim merchants.

    Naimans and Mongol-speaking tribe – Merkits were defeated in 1208 on the Yrtysh bank. Naimans, who saved moved with their khan Kushluk to Zhetysu (Karakitay’s land) and Merkits to Kypshaks into the steppe of Central Kazakhstan.

  In 1219-1221 Shingiz-khan invaded Khorezm. Khorezm-shakh sent two missions to Mongolia. Shingiz-khan sent a trade caravan to Khorezm-shakh. The caravan arrived to Otrar in summer 1218. The governor of Otrar Kypchak Gair-khan Inalchik suspected merchants in espionage and ordered to kill them and plundered the caravan. This incident became a reason of Shingiz-khan’s war against Khorezm. Shingiz-khan moved from Irtysh to SyrDarya – across Zhetysu.

    On the coming to Otrar, Shingiz-khan sent for its seizure troops under the command of his sons – Shagatai and Ugedei, Jushi was sent to the lower Syrdarya. From 20000-50000 warriors headed by Gair-khan defended Otrar during five months. The number of troops gathered by Shingiz-khan is unknown, but there were, probably, about 150000 warriors including allies – the Karluks of Zhetysu and Uigurs of Eastern Turkestan. The town was taken and Gair-khan executed by Shingiz-khan (melted silver was poured in his eyes and ears).

    In the similar heroic way defended themselves citizens of other Syrdarya towns – Sygnak, Ashnaz and others. In 1221 Jushi-khan moved into the steppe of Kazakhstan to the north-east of the Aral Sea. Having met the resistance of the Kypchaks, he defeated them utterly in a bloody battle.

In the spring of 1221 Middle Asia and Kazakhstan were conquered by Mongols. In 1223 troops of Jebe and Subedey destroyed Alans, Kypchaks and Russians near the river Kalka and through the Kazakhstan returned to Horde of Shingiz-khan.

    So, after Mongolian invasions in 1219-1221 Kazakhstan became a part of the great Mongolian empire.

 Lecture 7: Disintegration of Mongolian state and Foundation of new states                  

The objective of the lecture: Peculiarities of new sates, which were founded after disintegration of Mongolian empire.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Ak-Horde

2. Khanate of Abulkhair

3. Nogai Horde

Ak-Horde

  New state Ak-Horde was founded on the territory of Eastern Dashti-Kypshak in the XIII – in the beginning of XV cc. (1300-1425).

    Orda-Ejen one of the sons of Jushi received the eastern part of Jushi’s ulus. At first, Ak-Horde occupied the territory of north-eastern Zhetisu, banks of Irtysh, steppe of Ulutau and Karatau.

    Between Jaik, Irgiz, Tobol and Sarysu and lowest part of Syrdarya was established Ulus of another son of Jushi – Shaiban.

     In the middle of XIII c. the capital of Ak-Horde was situated near the lake Alakol. In the XIV c. the power of the sons of Orda-Ejen spread on Ulus of Shaiban and all territory of Kazakhstan, expect Zhetisu, submitted to Orda-Ejen’s son, only Zhetisu was under the power of Shagataids. Political center of Ak-Horde displaced to the south of Kazakhstan and Sygnak became the capital of Ak-Horde. Ak-Horde was inhabited by turkic-speaking tribes. Some of them were local tribes; some of them came after Shingiskhan’s invasion from eastern regions. So, kypchaks, naimans, uisuns, argyns, karluks, kereits, kanglys, mangyts and others lived on the territory of Ak-Horde.

     Social-political arrangement of Ak-Horde: The political history of Ak-Horde we can divide into three parts:

1. Ak-Horde fought for liberation of Eastern Dashti-Kypshak from Golden Horde.

2. Khans of Ak-Horde interfered in internal affairs of Golden-Horde.

3. Struggle against aggression of Mavrenakhr’s governor – Timur and Timurides.

     Ak-Horde received full independence from Golden Horde when khans Erzen and Mubarak ruled. Development of Ak-Horde begun in the ruling of Urus khan in 60-70-s of XIV c. In the first quarter of XV c. Ak-Horde was divided into two parts: on the west Nogai Horde was founded, Nomadic Uzbek Khanate on the East.