Khan Tauke managed:

1)       To normalize somewhat the political situation in the state.

2)       He undertook a number of measures in order to rise of the khan power.

3)       Overcome separatism of the nobility.

4)       Consolidation of the Kazakh people.

    He looked for ways for union and peaceful relations with neighboring states. In his time the Code of the regulations of customary law “Zhety-Zhargy” determined the main principles of law and order and state structure was made up.

  With completion of Tauke-khan’s ruling the history of united Kazakh state was completed and history of three Kazakh states, established on the territory of three Kazakh Zhuz begun.

 Lecture 11: The patriotic war of the Kazakh people against the Jungar aggression

The objective of the lecture: To show struggle of Kazakh people against Jungarian invasions.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Foundation of Jungarian state.

2. Struggle of Kazakh people against Jungars in the XVII c.

3. Struggle of Kazakh people against Jungars in the XVIII c.

   1. At the first half of the XVII c. The Kazak Khanate occupied stable position among its neighbours. In 1635 in the spurs of Altai and Tarbagatai was formed the Joungar Khanate. Still earlier the Joungars settled on the banks of the Irtysh, occupied the upper reaches of the Ishim, Tobol, and flow of the Emba, and came to the Ural and Volga. And though their semicircle around the Kazak Khanate wasn’t full but could form some threat for Kazakhs. And earlier the relations also were formed variously. But with declaration of khuntaidji Batur in 1635 the Joungar Khanate passed to open aggression against the Kazakh people.

    So, Joungars state was formed in XVII c. in 1635 on the territory of Western Mongolia. Joungar Khanate consists of Mongol-oirat tribes: Khoits, derbets, choroses, khoshoits and torgouts. The main activity of joungars was nomadic cattle-breeding.

    The leader of Joungar Khanate had a title – Khuntaiji. The first oirat ruller, which received this title was – Batur. Joungar society was divided into clans. Primary clan union, which united several families was called – Khoton. Several khotons joined in aimak.

Several otoks joiuned in ulus.

Ulus was leaded by noion.

Aimak was leaded by zaisans.

The oldest zaisans were called – tarkhan.

Leaders of tribes were called – taidji.

    2. Invasions of Joungars to Kazakhstan became more frequent in 40-s of XVII c. In 1643 Khuntaiji Batur conquered the main part of Zhetisu. But he couldn’t move further, because Jangir-khan resisted to him near the Orbulak. Batur lost 10 thousands warriors and back to Joungaria. The Orbulak battle became the index of power and possibilities of Kazakh people; it showed the important fact of the fight for independence for its lands.

    At the beginning of the 80-s Joungar khan Galdan Tseren began intrusion into Kazakh lands. The valleys of the Shu, Talas, middle flow of the Syrdaria were conquered. But in Sayram there were upraises flared up, they killed the Joungar governor-general and his military team.

    In 1684 there happened the second invasion by oirat army of the southern Kazakhstan. Sayram was plundered. The Kazakh people resisted the invasion, defended their community, their faith.

    The war of 1698 laid the beginning of the new stage of the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Joungar aggression. With coming to the power the Joungar Khuntaiji Tsevan Rabdan began the period of the most powerful of the Joungar Khanate. This khuntaiji maintained close kinship, state and religious connections with the Kalmyk khanate. The plans of unification of these two khanates were born.

   3.  Now the independence and initiative of the Kazakh khanate was put under threat. A war followed one after other. Danger of widening of the Joungar invasion began to unite the Kazakhs. In 1709-1712 they defended themselves from the new Joungar invasion.

    In these conditions in autumn 1710 there was a congress of representatives of three Juzes in Karakum. The positions of representatives were different. Others wanted to leave their houses, escape by running away and some of them as hares desired to disperse to different sides. But famous and bravery leader Bogenbay stopped those things.

    It was batyrs who played the most important role on the congress in Karakum in 1710. Among them who supported Bogenbay were Kabanbai, Kazybek, Raimbek, Tolebiy, Espenbet, Kassabai, Orazbai, Shagalak, Zhanibek and others.

    In general, the Kazakh-Joungar war of 1709-1712 didn’t bring success for Kazakhs. While the congress in Karakum showed that the unity of the Kazakhs was necessary for organization of resistance to enemy. In 1714 there were new invasions of the Joungars to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz lands. In 1716 Tsevan Rabdan moved the main part of his troops against Kazaks, Kazakh irregulars couldn’t hold pressure, many of them were taken to prison.

    In 1717 there was a battle between the Kazakhs and Joungars on the river Ayaguz, which served as the border between them. Kazakh army was headed by khan Tauke and his two escorts Kaip and Abulkhair. Because of absence of unity in leadership the Kazakhs were defeated. The Joungars moved to the deep parts of the Southern Kazakhstan.

    In the Kazakh-Joungar relations the land problem wasn’t the only cause of the wars. The other cause of aggravation of the contradictions was the desire of both sides to control the trading routes and obtain greatest advantages from them.

    In this situation the Joungar feudals decided to make a strong attack to Kazakhs and organized the intrusion into Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The time chosen was spring, when after winter weakened the Kazak auls were preparing to go into jailau.

    In 1723 there was great jute. In February and March the Joungars attacked the nomad encampments of Senior and Middle Kazak juzes. The invasion was fulfilled by 70 thousand people. The organization of active resistance to conquerors began. Batyr Kabanbay with batyr Aishibek organized the defense of Turkestan. Khan of the junior juz Abulkhair collected the troops of 30 thousand people, the khan of the Middle juz mobilized troop of 20 thousand people. But even at the cost of the greatest efforts of the Kazakh people couldn’t hold attack of the Joungars. The enemy was stronger; the Kazakh troops had to retreat.

    By preserved legends the senior and Middle Orda (besides Argynes) retreated to Samarkand and Bukhara and Junior one went by the range of Karatau to the North. In the 1723 the Joungars conquered Tashkent, Sayram and Turkestan.

    At the place Ordabasy in 1726 there was held the congress of the representatives from three juzes. Unity was achieved between batyrs. The white horse was sacrificed – it was the symbol of faithfulness and unity in fight against Joungaria. Khan Abulkhair was elected as the chief leader of Kazakh troops.

    By preserved legends the three clans of junior juz with parts of Senior Orda fought on the southern frontiers of the Sary Arka with Joungars. That battle was headed by batyr Tailak (from the Junior Orda) with his nephew batyr Sairak (the Senior Orda, Oshakty, clan tas zhurek). On the river Bulanty, Bulanty in the district Kara-syir the Joungars were destroyed. This place was in Irgiz uezd. The place of death of the Kalmyks is called in the same way: “The Kalmak kyrylgan”. To framing appeal to throw off the Joungar yoke the sons of three Alash answered.

    But the crucial moment of the fight against the Joungars was 1729. There was a great battle, in a place, 120 km. to the south from Balkhash, Anrakai. That place was named as “It ishpes Alakul” (the lake Ala-kul, which water didn’t want to drink the dog). After that the Joungars were defeated on the mountain Orda basy, on the inclined terrace of the Arys River.

    Information about the Kazakh people in the period of the fight against the Joungar  aggression was known from such epic works as “Koblandy” and “Er-Targyn”, “Alpamys batyr” and “Kambar batyr” and others. From the legends and documents there appeared these heroes: Karakerei Kabanbai batyr, Altynbai batyr, Aktanberdy batyr, Espenbet batyr, Matai Shokei batyr, Bogenbai batyr and others. Bogenbai batyr’s name enjoys great love and fame among people who descends from the clan Kenjeghaly... Also Kabanbai batyr’s is popular too. Kabanbai batyr took part in defense of Turkestan in 1724 and in 1725 – in battle under the lake Alakol, in 1728 near the lake Shubar – teniz, in 1729 – under Bulanty and others. Kabanbai’s father was famous batyr – Jalantos, who organized the defense against the Joungar invasion in 40-s of the XVII c.

    Repel of the Joungarian aggression by the Kazaks made changes in the geopolitical situation in Central Asia. In those conditions the Kalmyks from Volga continued to create danger for Kazak nomad encampments limited the foreign frontiers of the disturbed Bashkiria. The Russian Empire decided to use all these conflicts and contradictions in its own purposes for that “to put one orda against the other one and to restrain, and to save its own people”.

    In 1739-1741 there was another Joungar-Kazakh war. Meantime the forces of the Joungar khanate were weakened: the Kazakh khans and sultans actively interfered in interior life of the Joungars, made successfully attacks. In 1758 the Xin China made next intrusion to the Joungar khanate, everything was exposed to devastating defeat, population was cut. So, the Joungar factor was finally removed from the history of Central Asia.

                                               

Lecture 12: Kazakhstan under the power of the Russian empire

The objective of the lecture: To show internal and external reasons of the joining of Kazakhstan to Russia.

Outline of the lecture:

1. History of Kazakh-Russian relationships...

2. Joining of Junior Juz to Russia.

3. Economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the first half of the XVIII c.

   1. In 1552 and 1556 Russian border reached the northern part of Kazakhstan, after joining Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. With the aim of establishing of the communication between Russia, India and other eastern countries the reconnaissance expeditions were sent by Peter I. The first one headed by A. Bekovich-Cherkassky was dispatched to the Caspian Sea and Khiva (1715-1717) and second one under the supervision of I. Bukhgolts (1717-1718) and I. Likharev (1719-1720) were sent up to the Irtysh river.

    During the two last expeditions the beginning of the building line of Russian military fortification on the north-eastern border lines of Kazakhstan.

    In 1722 during the staying in Astrakhan on the way from Persia to Petersburg Peter I as it was admitted by the competent eyewitness A. Tevkelev “Could be informed through much people” about the Kazakh lands and defined their significance for geopolitical and trade-economic interests of Russia in Central Asia.

    The period of the formation of the Eastern Doctrine of Peter I chronologically coincided with the epoch of growing up of the crisis phenomenon in the internal-political situation of Kazakh nomadic society and worsening of the states of Kazakhstan on the world arena. There were the intensified centrifugal tendencies and it was difficult for Kazakh khan Tauke (1680-1715) and Kaip (1716-1718) to control the separations aspirations of the khans and sultans.

    Having used the non-stability of the social-political situation in Kazakhstan, the rulers of the neighboring Joungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII c. went over from the policy of local invasions into regions of the Middle and Senior juzes to the organization of large scale military aggression against the Kazakh and other peoples of Central Asia.

    Besides, the conflicts between the Kazakhs and Volga Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Siberian and Ural Cossacks became more frequent to the north of the region. All these induced the big cattle-owners of the Junior and Middle juzes to seek reliable legal guarantees of the consolidating of the earlier occupied nomad encampments near the Jaik, Ori rivers, and also getting of the new nomadic lands in the lower reaches of the Jaik where the route to Fertile pastures of its right-bank was opened and there were wide opportunities of the enlarging of the contacts with the Russian market.

    Not less actual for the Kazakh people was also the mission of seeking for the advantageous ally and the protector with the object of continuing the fight with Joungars for restoring their primordial nomadic lands on the south of the region. All these circumstances caused the striving of the part of the political elite of the Kazakh society to look for the support of the Russian Government.

2.  In October 1730 the Ambassadors of the Khan of the junior juz Abulkhair (1694-1748), Seitkul Koidagulov and Kutlumbet Koshbayev arrived at Petersburg. They made a request to the empress of Russia about his and people subjected to him, taking the Russian citizenship. For the administrating the Kazakhs to the oath of allegiance to Russia to the Empress Anna Ioanovna sent the special embassy to the junior juz headed by A.Tevkelev, the translator of the Board (Colleague) of foreign affairs.

    On the 10-th of the October 1731 the signing of the document legal about citizenship by the group of the Kazakh leaders took place in the Headquarters of Abulkhair khan at the country between two rivers of the lower flows of Irghiz and Tobol rivers. This fact marked the beginning of the long historical process of the joining of the Kazakh lands.

1. Before in 1717 khan Tauke and sultans Kaip and Abulkhair sent ambassadors to Peter I for conclusion treaties against Joungaria, but these negotiations were failed.

2. In the beginning of 1726 Abulkhair sent Koibagar Kobekov’s embassy to Russia for taking Russian citizenship again.

    The process of the joining of Kazakh juzes to Russia was long in time and contradictionary in its essence.  The first period of the 30-th of the XVIII involved in the epoch of the formal-legal sovereignty of the Russian empire over the Kazakh people of the Junior and Middle juzes.

                                              

Lecture 13-14: Kazakhstan under the power of the Russian empire and struggle of Kazakhs against it

 

The objective of the lecture: to show the Russian policy in Kazakhstan, liquidation of the Khan’s power and resistance of the Kazakhs to this policy. Uprisings of Syrym Datov, Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov, Kenesary Kassymov.

Outline of the lectures:

1.      Syrym Datov’s uprising (1783-1797)

2.      Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov’s uprising (1836-1838)

3.      Kenessary Kassymov’s uprising (1837-1847).

1. Syrym Datov’s uprising (1783-1797).Reasons: usurpation of rich pastures by Russian Empire. The main forces of uprising: Kazakh sharua. All clans of junior juz participated in uprising: Shekty, Tortkara, Shomekey, Kete, Alash, Serkesh, Baibakty, Bersh, Tabyn and others.

The main aim: return lands, which were captured by Russian government.

 Uprising was leaded by Syrym Datov – chief of Baibakty clan. The struggle against Russia began in 1783. Syrym Datov was prisoned and was released in 1784. The first great battle was on June 1784 in upper Jaik near the Orsk. More than 1000 rebels had S. Datov in 1784.

    In spring of 1785 Syrym began new attacks. Russian government sent Cossacks detachments of Kolpakov and Ponamarev. At that time Syrym had 2700 rebels. S. Datov attacked Sakharnaya fortress and Antonovskaya forpost. At that time the main battles were along Ural line. In summer of 1785 the council of elders disclaimed Nur-Ali as their khan. He was exiled in Ufa and died in 1790.

    90-s of XVIII c. – second stage of uprising. On august of 1790 ataman Donskov plundered the great number of auls. The situation aggravated in 1971, when Sultan Yeraly was elected as a khan of junior juz. On September 1792 S. Datov launched an unsuccessful attack against the town Iletsk, after which his resistance became more partisan-like. In 1794 khan Yeraly died and Esim son of Nuraly declared himself the rightful khan.

    On March 1797 S. Datov counted with an attack on Esim’s aul and this time killed the khan. After death of Esim, Igelstrom (general-governor of Orenburg) arrived to Kazakh steppe for electing council of elders. Sultan Aishuak son of Abulkhair was elected a chief of this council, and the same year he was elected a khan of junior juz. Khan Aishuak was never an effective ruler. He had been chosen by the Russians and had no real support among the Kazakhs themselves. The favored candidate of the sultans was Karatai Nurali uly, an illegitimate son of Nur Ali whom the Russians rejected because of his illegitimacy and, more important, his close association with Syrym.

    The threat of Syrym Batyr soon faded. He fled to Khiva at the end of 1797, where he continued for the next year or two to launch raids against the Cossacks and the Bashkirs of the Inner Side. He was killed in 1802.

Inner (Bukey) Horde sharua’s uprising (1836-1838)

    In 1801 according to Ukaz of Russian Tsar Petr I was founded Bukey Horde, which existed till 1845. In 1827 was formed “Khan Council”, which consist of 12 biis. 12 elders controlled taxes and taxation.

    Reasons of uprising:

1. Increasing taxes for roaming.

2. Building Rusian fortresses near the Bukey Horde and cessation of roaming to traditional pastures.

3. Declaration of Babadja-uly (son in law of Jangir khan) a ruler of Kazakh clans, lived in Caspian region.

The main aim of uprising:

1. Limiting khan’s power.

2. Changing Russian government colonial policy.

3. Improving the position of sharua.

Uprising was divided into three stages:

1.      1833-1836 – forming the main reasons of uprising.

2.      1837 – developing of uprising, battles with Russian and khan’s troops.

3.      December 1837 – July 1838 – weaking and defeat of uprising.

The main moving forces of uprising – Kazakh sharua, some elders and biis.

The leaders of uprising were Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov. Isata Taimanov an elder of Bersh clan and a member of the black bone. Isatai had long struggled against the khan of the Inner Horde, for which he had been arrested in 1817 and 1823. He and his aide and chronicler, akyn Makhambet Utemisov organized opposition among their own Bersh clan and then picked up support from the other clans of the Horde.

    In October 1836 20 auls joined to Isatai. In Oct.24 1837 Isatai surrounded the Khan’s Headquarter. In November 9 1837 khan’s troops and troops of colonelGeke met near the Tastobe, where Isatai’s army was defeated. Finally in July 12 1838 was battle in Akbulak. Strengthened detachment of Russian soldiers and Ural Cossacks was sent in that broke up the resistance (at this time about 2000 fighters). Isatai was killed.

    Although the uprising was crushed, Russian authorities were reluctant to continue their support of the khan in the Inner Horde. In 1840-1841 a temporary commission considered abolishing the dignity of Khan in the Inner Horde, but resolved to continue it only until the end of Jangir’s rule. Upon his death in 1845 the dignity of Khan was replaced by provisional council.