- •Introduction
- •Is that morphosyntactic variation is both highly constrained and highly
- •Identified by its syntactic structure as predominantly analytical.
- •Iranian languages; and so on. Members of a language family have a
- •Iranian, and the extinct Hittite and Tocharian. Further subclassifications
- •Indo-European language system is marked by more or less elaborate
- •It is not understood why word orders with the subject before the
- •Invention of arbitrary new items, borrowing new morphemes in these
- •Verbs. And Boy and boys, for example, are two different forms of the
- •In English). So, the lack of grammatical affixes in English is
- •Is obligatory. Therefore grammatical categories is an important
- •Is used to indicate singular objects or referents that can be neither
- •Instrumental, Locative, Vocative).
- •Indefinite objects. A definite object is one that the speaker expects the
- •3) The absence of the article before the countable noun in the plural,
- •Verbs also often reflect the gender of their subject nouns and,
- •Is partially semantic (Ukrainian animate nouns have semantic gender
- •Verbs with their past stems and the past participle formed by way of
- •Infinitive may denote a sheer intention or assurance, annoyance based
- •Including prepositional ones can be used in the passive (the preposition
- •In both languages phrases may be elemental, with one type of
- •In English, dominant in practically all subordinate phrases is the
- •Information mostly through inflection, allows relative flexibility which
- •It a problem to miss out obligatory parts of the sentence. The omission
- •In spite of the one-man show, the game was out of reach. Kyle
In spite of the one-man show, the game was out of reach. Kyle
McAvoy sat quietly on the bench, watching the game and waiting for the
clock to wind down. One game to go and the season would be over, his last
as a basketball coach. In two years he’d won a dozen, lost two dozen, and
asked himself how any person in his right mind would willingly coach at
any level. He was doing it for the kids; he’d said to himself a thousand
times, kids with no fathers, kids from bad homes, kids in need of a positive
male influence. And he still believed it, but after two years of babysitting,
and arguing with parents when they bothered to show up, and hassling with
other coaches who were not above cheating, and trying to ignore teenage
referees who didn’t know a block from a charge, he was fed up. He’d done
his community service, in this town anyway.
He watched the game and waited, yelling occasionally because that’s
what coaches are supposed to do. He looked around the empty gym, an old
brick building in downtown New Haven, home to the youth league for fifty
years. A handful of parents were scattered through the bleachers, all
waiting for the final horn. Marquis scored again. No one applauded. The
Red Knights were down by twelve with two minutes to go.
At the far end of the court, just under the ancient scoreboard, a man in a
dark suit walked through the door and leaned against the retractable
bleachers. He was noticeable because he was white. There were no white
players on either team. He stood out because he wore a suit that was either
black or navy, with a white shirt and a burgundy tie, all under a trench coat
that announced the presence of an agent or a cop of some variety.
Coach Kyle happened to see the man when he entered the gym, and he
thought to himself that the guy was out of place. Probably, a detective of
some sort, maybe a narc looking for a dealer. It would not be the first arrest
62
in or around the gym. After the agent/cop leaned against the bleachers, he
cast a long suspicious look at the Red Knights’ bench, and his eyes seemed
to settle on Coach Kyle, who returned the stare for a second before it
became uncomfortable. Marquis let one fly from near mid- court, air ball,
and Coach Kyle jumped to his feet, spread his hands wide, shook his head
as if to ask, “Why?” Marquis ignored him as he loafed back on defense. A
dumb foul stopped the clock and prolonged the misery. While looking at
the free-throw shooter, Kyle glanced beyond him, and in the background
was the agent/cop, still staring, not at the action but at the coach.
For a twenty-five-year-old law student with no criminal record and no
illegal habits or proclivities, the presence and the attention of a man who
gave all indications of being employed by some branch of law enforcement
should have caused no concern whatsoever. But it never worked that way
with Kyle McAvoy. Street cops and state troopers didn’t particularly bother
him. They were paid to simply react. But the guys in dark suits, the
investigators and agents, the ones trained to dig deep and discover secrets–
those types still unnerved him. (J. Grisham)
II. Choose any Ukrainian-English parallel texts and contrast them
highlighting allomorphic features of the grammatical systems of the two
languages .
63
RECOMMENDED
LITERATURE
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русского языков: учеб. пособие / В. Д. Аракин. – 3-е изд. – М. :
Физматлит, 2000. – 256 с.
2. Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка (на
англ. яз.) / М. Я. Блох . – 3-е изд., испр. – М. : Высш. шк., 2000. –
381 с.
3. Гуревич В. В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.
Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков: учеб.
пособие / В. В. Гуревич. – М. : Флинта, Наука, 2003. – 168 с.
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Б. А. Ильиш. – 2-е изд. – М. : Просвещение,1971. – 365 с.
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англійської мов / Ю. О. Жлуктенко . – К. : 1998.
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брюх. – К. : 2003.
7. Левицький А. Е. Порівняльна граматика англійської та
української мов : навч. посіб. / А. Е. Левицький .– К. : «Освіта
України», 2007. – 138 с.
8. Crystal D. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language /
D. Crystal. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996. – 1030 p.
9. A grammar of contemporary English / S. Quirk, Greenbaum,
G. Leech, J. Svartvik. – New York; London : Seminar press, 1972. –
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Languages / J. V. Korunets . – K., 1999. – 459 c.
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University, 2005. – 239 p.
12. Song J. J. Linguistic typology: morphology and syntax / J .J. Song, –
Harlow and London: Pearson Education, 2001. – 406 p.
64
Навчальне видання
ГУДМАНЯН Артур Грантович
КРИЛОВА Тетяна Василівна
ГРАМАТИКА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ
ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВ
Конспект лекцій
(Англійською мовою)
В авторській редакції
Технічний редактор А. І. Лавринович
Комп’ютерна верстка Л. А. Шевченко
Підп. до друку 14.12.09. Формат 60х84/16. Папір офс.
Офс. друк. Ум. друк арк. 3,72. Обл.-вид. арк. 4,0.
Тираж 100 пр. Замовлення № 300-1
Видавництво Національного авіаційного університету «НАУ-друк»
03680, Київ–58, просп. Космонавта Комарова 1.
Свідоцтво про внесення до Державного реєстру ДК № 977 від 05.07. 2002