Unit 13

Pre-text assignments

1 Read the text. Write a plan of it in the form of questions:

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflamation of the liver. Most commonly it is caused by a viral infection, the presence of toxins, or the effects of various drugs, including alcohol.

One form of viral hepatitis, called type A hepatitis (infectious hepatitis), usualy occurs in children or young adults. It is sptead by contract with food or objects, such as eating utensils or toys, that have been contaminated with virus-containing faces. This form of hepatitis is often mild, although itmay be accompanied by weakness, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and jaundice. Usually the person recovers completely, with no lasting damage to the liver.

Type B hepatitis (serum hepatitis) produces symptoms similar to those of type A, but the effects may last for a much longer time. This form of the disease is spread by contact with virus-containing body fluids, such as blood, saliva, or seminal fluid. Thus, it may be transmitted by means of blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, or sexual activiti. Most victims recover completely from type B hepatitis; however, some perons continue to harbor live viruses and become “carriers” who may seem healthy, but can transmit the condition to others.

People who exhibit the symptoms of hepatitis for six months or more are said to have chronic hepatitis. In such cases, there is danger that the liver will be permanently damaged and its functions impaired. In addition to being caused by viral infections, chronic hepatitis maybe caused by the effects of certain drugs or by autoimmune reactions.

2 Now that you have read the text and written the plan write an essay on the topic Hepatits.

Unit 14

Pre-text assignments

1 Learn the key words and phrases:

ulcer, open sore, localized breakdown, buffer, unbuffered acid

2 Match the following phrases with Ukrainian ones:

1) life-threatening disease a) м’язовий клапан

2) muscular valve b) кислий сік

3) harmful effect c) слизова оболонка кишечника

4) peptic ulcer d) смертельне; небезпечне

5) immunosuppressive захворювання

6) lining of the intestine e) виразка дванадцятипалої кишки

7) acidic juice f) пошкоджувальний ефект

8) duodenal e g) пептична виразка

h) імуносупресорне лікування

3 Find descriptions of the following terms:

1) ulcer a) splashing of the acidic juices from the

2) heartburn stomach into the esophagus

3) digestion b) the conversion of food into material

4) distress assimilated by the body

5) stomach c) open sore in the lining of the stomach or

6) esophagus duodenum

7) valve d) the passage for food from the pharynx to

8) bile the stomach

9) acid e) the state of suffering, pain, misery

10) relapse f) the large, saclike organ into which food

11) liver passes from esophagus or gullet for

storage while undergoing the early

processes of digestion

g) sour, sharp and biting to the taste

h) the bitter, greenish fluid secreted by the

liver and found in the gallbladder; it helps

digestion

I) (in anatomy) a membranous structure

which permits body fluids to follow in

one direction only

j) the largest glandular organ; it secrets bile

and has an important function in

metabolism

k) to slip back into a former condition,

especially after improvement or seeming

improvement

Ulcers

An ulcer is an open sore on the surface of an organ that results from a localized breakdown of the tissues. Although ulcers may occur in various parts of the alimentary canal, they often develop in the stomach and are called gastric ulcers.

Ulcers are also common in the first portion of the small intestine, the duodenum. Duodenal ulcers occur in regions that are exposed to pepsin as the contents of the stomach enter the intestine. Because gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are usually caused by pepsin, both are commonly called peptic ulcers. Ulcers often develop in people who are emotionally stressed and whose stomachs secrete increased amounts of acidic gastric juice between meals, when the stomach is essentially empty.

For example, some research suggest that smoking might increase a person's risk of infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). Most peptic ulcers are caused by this bacterium.

Stomach acid is also important in producing ulcers. Normally, most of this acid is buffered by the food we eat. Most of the unbuffered acid that enters the duodenum is quickly neutralized by sodium bicarbonate, a naturally occurring alkali produced by the pancreas. Some studies show that smoking reduces the bicarbonate produced by the pancreas, interfering with the neutralization of acid in the duodenum. Other studies suggest that chronic cigarette smoking may increase the amount of acid secreted by the stomach.

Whatever causes the link between smoking and ulcers two points have been repeatedly demonstrated. People who smoke are more likely to develop an ulcer, especially a duodenal ulcer, and ulcers are less likely to heal quickly among smokers in response to otherwise effective treatment. This research tracing the relationship between smoking and ulcers strongly suggests that a person with an ulcer should stop smoking.

Post-text assignments

1 What disease is this?

1 The disease, which causes pain and diarrhea, usually affects the small intestine, but it can occur anywhere in the digestive tract.

2 It happens when acidic juices from the stomach splash into the esophagus.

3 It is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.

4 Most cases of this disease are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

2 Say it in one word:

1) a small, solid mass sometimes formed in the gallbladder or bile duct

2) the passage for food from the pharynx to the stomach

3) causing hurt, injury or damage

4) the large, sacljke organ into which food passes from esophagus for storage while undergoing the early processes of digestion

5) the lower part of the alimentary canal, extending from the stomach to the anus and consisting of a convoluted upper part and a lower part of greater diameter

3 Give full answers:

If a patient has 95% of the stomach removed (subtotal gastrectomy) as treatment for severe ulcers or cancer, how would the digestion and absorption of foods be affected? How would the patient's eating habits have to be altered? Why?