V. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные функции глагола to have:

1. As I was to be there at 5 o’clock, I had to take a taxi. 2. I did not have to walk, I took a tram. 4. Have you ever taken part in this conference? 5. I am tired. I shall go and have a nap before dinner. 6. I’d like to have a look at that part of the world. 7. She wants to have her case discussed. 8. You will have many new friends.

VI. Прочтите предложения, найдите Participle I и II. Переведите на русский язык:

1. As jurors are not selected on the basis of ability, cases involving complex facts may be beyond their competence. 2. The found papers were brought to the court. 3. The lost document was returned to Helen. 4. The woman speaking to the solicitor is my aunt. 5. Passing the shop I saw a broken window. 6. She sat looking out of the window. 7. I saw the offender smiling. 8. All evidence brought to the court was wrong. 9. She sent all the letters written by her late father. 10. Knowing many laws she spoke convincingly.

VII. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные формы герундия:

1. Watching football matches may be exciting enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football. 2. Can you remember having seen the man before? 3. She was terrified of having to speak to anybody, and even more, of being spoken to. 4. He never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage. 5. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee. 6. The teacher of mathematics did not approve of his pupils dreaming. 7. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the dining-room. 8. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 9. The place is worth visiting.

VIII. Переведите текст, выписав слова юридической тематики.

Eighth Amendment:

Protection against Cruel and Unusual Punishment

The courts had been reluctant to apply this constitutional provision to the execution of sentences, but ultimately had to. Prison overcrowding was the issue. Many cases have reached the courts, and new standards have evolved.

Crowding alone does not amount to cruelty in violation of the Eighth Amend­ment. Courts must, in each case, determine whether and to what extent crowd­ing has caused "deprivation of basic human needs," before they can order relief from the offending conditions. "Basic needs" are needs that, if not met, result in wanton pain." Courts must consider the quality and amount of medical and mental health services, the extent of violence, the quality of food, and the avail­ability of recreational opportunities.

In determining the extent to which deficiencies in these areas are the consequence of crowding - as distinct from inadequate funding, poor administration, or sheer indifference - the lower courts hear a wide range of evidence, including testimony from corrections officials, inmates, and experts. Not surprisingly, cor­rections administrators themselves often blame any failures to meet minimum standards of humane treatment on crowded conditions.

Expert witnesses in the fields of corrections, public health, psychology, and medicine testify about the connection between overcrowding and a facility's abil­ity to meet basic needs. Inmates testify about the misery of cramped cells, sleep­ing on cement floors, clogged toilets, overtaxed medical facilities, lack of recrea­tional services, and inability to protect themselves from other inmates.

Four factors must be taken into consideration before overcrowding can be held to amount to cruel and unusual punishment:

1. The actual level of crowding, that is, the cubic footage of living space designated for each inmate

2. The location of the inmates' beds, for example whether mattresses are placed on the floors of cells, dayrooms, corridors, or elsewhere

3. How much time away from their sleeping quarters inmates are afforded on a daily basis, and how much space these other areas provide

4. In the case of pretrial confinement, its duration

If crowding is extreme, if the sleeping arrangements are unsanitary, and if depri­vations endure for many weeks, a finding of unconstitutional crowding is likely.

IX. Определите грамматическое время и залог всех глаголов во 2-ом абзаце.