2. Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.

1. Химикаты и краски действуют как замедляющие распространение огня вещества.

2. Химикаты и краски не могут предотвратить распад древесины.

3. Прозрачный слой, образуемый химикатами на поверхности древесины, предотвращает доступ кислорода к древесине.

4. Химикаты третьей группы поглощают значительное количество тепла и препятствуют повышению температуры до критической точки разложения.

5. Количество огнестойких веществ невелико из-за их токсичности и высокой стоимости.

6. Замедляющие распространение огня краски действуют как изолирующий и отражающий слой.

7. Замедляющие распространение огня краски имеют ограниченное применение.

8. Воспламеняемость древесины не высока.

9. Балки и столбы часто остаются нетронутыми большим огнем.

10. Древесина в вертикальном положении горит быстрее, если ее зажечь снизу.

V. Speak about:

1. The measures to increase the fireproofing of wood.

Unit 5

Infinitive: Forms and Functions

Grammar:

Storage of Logs in Sawmill Yards

I. Answer the questions:

1. Where are the logs transported from the forest?

2. Where are they unloaded?

3. What is the log yard?

II. Read the text and try to understand it.

At the log yard of the sawmill the logs have to be unloaded, stacked, bucked, sorted and finally moved to the sawmill shop.

As the logs are usually very heavy, suitable mechanical equipment should be used wherever possible. The choice of the equipment depends on the conditions varying from mill to mill.

The layout of any log yard depends upon local conditions. The division of the yard into sections is determined by the work to be carried out in the yard. If the logs are carried to the sawmill building on rails, the yard should slope slightly down towards the mill building. It is an advantage if the yard is rectangular.

It is difficult to make efficient use of mechanical equipment on square yards. The site of a sawmill yard depends on the volume of timber to be stored and on the method of storage. If several species of timber are to be stored separately the yard has to be substantially larger.

The timber is brought to the yard by road vehicles or by a logging railway. To simplify the unloading of the lighter round logs the road bed should be raised to allow the timber to roll down by its own weight. For heavy thick logs lifting gear or traveling crane has to be used.

The timber should not rest directly on the ground, otherwise damage from dirt and moisture may result. It should be laid on frames consisting of transverse logs or cants. Light timbers may be stacked on concrete blocks but this is only possible if the weight is not too great. To avoid the risk of the pile of logs collapsing, fewer logs have to be placed in each succeeding tier.

The storage volume can be increased if the sides of the stacks are provided with sufficiently strong braces of wood or iron. The amount of timber which can be stacked will also depend on the length and diameter of the logs. The longer the timber, the more logs may be placed in on tier.

Many ways and storage places are necessary if the timber is not to be immediately processed in the sawmill.

General understanding

Answer the questions:

1. What is done with the logs at the log yard of the sawmill?

2. What is used for these purposes?

3. What does the layout of any log yard depend upon?

4. What does the size of a sawmill yard depend on?

5. When does the yard have to be substantially large?

6. How are the logs brought to the yard by road vehicles unloaded?

7. What are the logs placed on in the yard?

8. What is done to increase the storage volume?

9. What does the amount of timber to be stacked depend on?

10. What is easier – to stack long logs or short ones? What do you think?