Vocabulary

Exercise 1.

Choose the words from the text which have the similar meaning.

to dress; glue; to produce; to look like; seasoning; to lessen; to match; not even; thanks to; to result in; to rise; to have tendency; strength; to influence.

Exercise 2.

Complete the phrases:

1. to manufacture a. for use

2. to bond b. of odd number of layers

3. to provide c. on climatic conditions

4. to cut the ribbon d. with an angle of 90º

5. to be suited e. to deformation

6. to depend f. stability

7. to be prone g. into sheets

8. to consist h. by sawing

9. to lay up i. with adhesive

Exercise 3.

Find the English equivalents to the following Russian phrases.

С древних времен; с начала 20 века; нечетное число слоев; по крайней мере; первоначально; уложить под углом; по всем направлениям; зависеть от; обуславливаться; быть склонным к чему-либо.

Exercise 4.

Match the words in “A” with the explanations given in “B”.

A	B
veneer	not even in number; not exactly divisible by two
adhesive	coming off in strips or flakes
ribbon	liable, inclined
grain	natural arrangement or pattern of the lines of fibres in wood as seen on a surface that has been sawn or cut
prone to	a narrow strip
peeling	thin layer of high quality wood glued to the surface of cheaper wood
odd	substance having the property of sticking
gusset	a layer of wood
ply	a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material
creep	triangular shaped piece inserted in something to strengthen or enlarge

Exercise 5.

Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.

1. Wood _____ are used to bind two or more wooden parts together in such a way that the product behaves as a static unit. 2. Wood in thin layers known as _____ has been used since ancient times. 3. Plywood consists of an _____ number of layers which are bonded using various types of _____. 4. The log is unwound to obtain a wooden _____ of about 2 mm to 4 mm thickness. 5. Plywood is structurally suited for use as a panel material in various components, for example, as _____ in spaced columns. 6. The veneers are made by peeling a round log. 7. Plywood panels are slightly deformed with time due to the combined effect of _____ and moisture. 8. The direction of fibres in relation to the trunk is the _____ of the wood. 9. The bodies of furniture are often made of cheap species and all the facing parts are covered with _____ of valuable species. 10. Wood is _____ to swelling being placed in wet conditions.

Grammar

Exercise 1.

Look through the list of words and group them into 4 categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

Industrially; suitability; initiate; structural; initially; synthetic; thickness; direction; adjacent; stability; movement; strength; additional; density; shrinkage

Exercise 2.

Make the right choice. Pay attention to suffixes and prefixes.

1. Board materials can be made to any required (wide, widen, width), density and (thick, thickness, thicken). 2. Composite wood products are (base, basic, basically) of two types. 3. Adhesives can also be classified on their (able, ability, disability) to fill gaps and slight (regular, regularities, irregularities) between wooden joints. 4. Being an easily (available, availability) material wood has been used in a wide (vary, various, variety) of applications. 5. In the case of bending it is important to (different, difference, differentiate) between bending perpendicular to plane of the panel and in plane bending. 6. Wood is dimensionally (stable, unstable, stability, unstability) because it can shrink and swell under favourable conditions. 7. Wood is a (wide, widely, widen, width) available material all over the world.

Exercise 3.

Differentiate between Participle I and Participle II and make the right choice.

1. The 1^st composite wood material (manufactured, being manufactured, manufacturing) on a large scale was plywood. 2. Plywood was defined as a product made up of plies (assembling, being assembled, having assembled, assembled) by gluing. 3. Only the development of adhesives (based, basing,

having based) on synthetic resins considerably widened the field of composite

wood utilization. 4. (Having been subjected, being subjected, subjected) to moisture for some time the glues made of proteins (deriving, derived, being derived) from animals decayed and the product fell apart. 5. Board materials can be made from young trees (growing, being grown, grown) on short forestry rotations. 6. Logs (selecting, having selected, selected) for peeling are debarked and then softened by steaming in hot water. 7. The dry sheets of veneer are coated with adhesive and then put together in their correct sequence and direction of grain. Each layer has the grain (running, being run, run) at right angles to those (adjoining, adjoined, having adjoined) it.

8. Plywood can be (impregnating, impregnated, having impregnated) with standard wood preservatives or fire retardant solutions after manufacture.

9. Plywoods are made in a number of thicknesses (varying, varied, being varied) from 3-25 mm.

Exercise 4.

Study the following word-combinations with prepositions. Fill in the correct preposition and the Gerund into the sentences given below.

to be surprised at – удивляться чему-либо

to be keen on – увлекаться чем-либо

to be responsible for – быть ответственным за

to be anxious about – беспокоиться о

to be busy with – заниматься чем-либо

to be fond of – увлекаться чем-то

to insist on – настаивать на чем-либо

to succeed in – добиться успеха в чем-либо

1. The plant succeeded (to introduce) new technology in composite materials production. 2. The engineer insisted (to check up) the moisture content. 3. Some people are keen on woodworking. They are fond (to form and shape) wood to make useful and decorative objects. 4. The workers were busy (to repair) peeling machine. 5. The mechanic was anxious (proper to work) of woodworking machine. 6. The manager is responsible (to manage) the operation of the sawing shop. 7. We are not surprised (wood to have) such a wide application. It has got many valuable properties. 8. Experts are busy (to investigate) the possibilities of preserving forests for future generations.

Exercise 5.

State the functions of Infinitives, define Infinitive Constructions and translate into Russian.

1. To bend thin wood cold bending process is used. 2. Single layer boards were the first type of particle board to be developed. 3. Though the particles are considered to be similar in size and shape they may in fact compass a fairly wide range of sizes and shapes. 4. Special machines have been recently created to preserve and to renew forests. 5. A machine to be designed for selective cutting must be maneuverable. 6. The forests do not belong to us alone: we have to preserve them as our heritage for future generations. 7. To protect wood against biological attack is to impregnate it with preservatives. 8. We know the Egyptians and Romans to have used thin layers of wood to finish wooden surfaces.