- •The reflexive voice. Non-traditional voices.
- •Clause-sentence-utterance-logical proposition
- •Informative type of sentence
- •Communicative & structural types of sentences
- •The article.
- •Category of modality in the sentence
- •Modal words
- •Statives
- •The category of mood. Indicative. Imperative.
- •Terminative/non-terminative, transitive/intransitive verbs Grammatical categories of the verb
- •The verb – meaning, form, function. Principles of classification.
- •The Theory of parts of speech in prenormative &classical gr-s.
- •The theory of parts of speech in American Descriptive Grammar.
- •The Theory of Progress, the Functional Theory.
- •Origin of the structure of Modern e-sh: Phonetic Approach, the Theory of Substratum.
- •Phonetic approach
- •The Theory of Substratum
- •Basic features of English syntax
- •Analytical features ofword-building
- •Prenormative eg
- •Prescriptive eg
- •Classical scientific grammar of e-sh
- •American descriptive grammar of eng
- •Transformational grammar
- •Noun. Number.
- •Noun. Case.
- •Scientific Principles for the Classification of Parts of Speech in Native Grammars of English. The Notion of Grammatical Category.
- •The adjective
- •Tense & Aspect of the verb
- •Numeral
- •Notional and formal words
- •Predicativity of the s-ce.
- •The verb: person and number. Other morphological categories
- •Syntax of classical scientific grammar
- •Quotation groups
- •Grammatical trends in word-changing noun adj PrN
- •Trends in Modern English word-changing verb
- •Generative semantix/syntax
- •The category of Voice
- •The Reflective Voice (rv)
- •Pronoun
- •Phrases (Ps)
- •Sentence definitions
- •Principles of clause-classification
- •Complex sent. As a syntactic unity
- •The subjunctive mood
The adjective
It has only one grammatical category: degrees of comparison (the positive, comparative, superlative). Some adjectives build their degree of comparison in the suplitave way, that is they use different stems: good-better-best. Degrees of comparison are built either synthetically, with the help of the suffixes –er or –est or analytically with the help of words more/most. The prescription of normative grammars is that monosyllabic and bi-syllabic adjectives should use the synthetic way and longer adjectives should use analytical combinations (clean – cleaner – the cleanest), but Ch. Barber noticed in an obvious tendency to use analytical forms even with mono- and bi-syllabic adjectives (more fussy, more quiet, simple, clever, pleasant, plain).
In modern E. in compound adjectives instead of saying ‘better dressed, best informed’ there is the tendency to prefer analytical way in deriving the degree of comparison.
Adjective is a part of speech characterized by the following typical features:
The lexico-grammatical meaning of “attributes (of substantives)” = different properties of substantives (size, colour, position in space, material, psychic state of persons, etc.)
The morphological category of the degrees of comparison.
The characteristic combinability with nouns (a beautiful girl), link verbs (…is clever), adverbs, mostly those of degree (a very clever boy), the so-called “prop word” one (the grey one).
The stem-building affixes –ful, -less, -ish, -ous, -ive, -ic, un-, pre-, in-, etc.
Its functions of an attribute and a predicative complement.
Substantivization of adjectives. Adjectivization of nouns.
Substantivization and adjectivization again is connected with the grear number of monosyllabic words. They have no indicators of a certain part of speech, so they easily can change their class. This phenomenon is known as conversion.
There are dif.degrees of convertion adj-s into nouns. Partial substantivization– only the former indicator(the def.article): the rich, the poor. Full substantivization – the former adj. gets all the features of the noun.
pluralia tantum (the English, the rich, the unemployed) -> sets of people
singularia tantum (the invisible, the abstract)а abstract ideas
There exist the opposite phenomenon as well. It is called adjectivization. Jasperson believed that it is not a noun, but an adj., approaching the state of a noun. Or it might be a compound noun (but it isn’t proved, as coumpounds should form a graphic unity somehow). The most reasonable viewpoint is that we deal with a combination of 2 nouns in a chain, where the left-distributed serve as an attribute to their right neighbours. Such forms are very compact, so they are extremely popular in newspapers, in science (speech sound research center).