A Diagnostic Clinical Laboratory

It is difficult to imagine the work of any therapeutic-preventive establishment without a clinical diagnostic laboratory. Special laboratory rooms may be organized at such department as gynecological, surgical, reception and at the policlinics as well. It is necessary to pay special care to the delivery of the analyses to the laboratory. Special rooms should be organized for bacteriological analyses.

There are some rooms at every laboratory: a room for the arrangement (классификация, расположение) of the analysis to be tested, a room for the work with the microscope, some separate rooms for gastric and duodenal probing, a room for blood sampling, a room for urinalyses, a room for feces test, etc. the apparatuses such as centrifuges, thermostats, heating boxes, refrigerators should be kept in special premises. The laboratory with modern equipment must have some rooms for weighing the reagents and a darkened room for microscopy.

There are special hours for reception of different analyses. They are registered according to their types in special reception books: the type of the analysis and the patient’s name are recorded. Each analysis must have its own number on label. The urgent work must be done at once.

Laboratory examinations allow the physician to obtain much information about the patient’s state, pathogenesis of the disease and other very important parameters. Laboratory studies comprise blood, sputum and many other analyses. Some laboratories now perform more then 40 tests. It is very useful to combine various laboratory tests to receive better understanding of the disease process. For example, they may include the following examination: hematologic and immunologic tests, cultures of blood, bone marrow, blood glucose, proteins, albumine, serum calcium, cholesterol, several enzymes, phosphates, etc.

These tests may provide, e.g. the clue to such nonspecific symptoms as total weakness and increased fatigability or other states. Biochemical measurements together with routine laboratory examinations such as blood count, urinanalyses help the physician to determine a pathologic process or a severe damage to the patient’s health.

The application of laboratory examinations in many fields of clinical medicine, e.g., and data obtained through these examinations benefit the treatment of patients.

Nowadays it is impossible to imagine hospitals and clinics where laboratory examinations are not widely used in everyday clinical practice. The staff of every laboratory consists of the chief, some doctors- analysts, including highly qualified biologists, chemists, pharmaceutists, some laboratory assistants and nurses.

Entrance examinations

In our country a mans right to education is constitutionally guaranteed. Every year many young people who care for medicine (with a bent for medicine and natural sciences) enter medical institutes or medical faculties of universities as doctors are trained only at these higher educational establishments.

Anyone (=every person) having complete secondary education can enter medical Institute provided he passes his entrance examinations. To be admitted to a higher educational institution (establishments) it's necessary to pass all an trance examinations successfully, in accordance with the rules of admission, which may very in different institutes: For instance (for example) at our Archangel Medical Academic potential students take examinations in July in a written form (in writing). These may be the Russian language and Literature, Chemistry and Biology or Physics.

School leavers (applicants) with excellent marks take only one entrance examination in the subject chosen by the admittance commission and if they get «fives" they are admitted to the Academy. Other school leavers must successfully pass all exams and then the competition takers into consideration the total number of examinational marks.

Though the main criterion for admittance to higher medical schools is good knowledge and ability, hors concours (out of the competitions) are admitted orphaned (сирота) children, children left without parents guardianship and some categories of ex-servicemen it is enough for then to get at least satisfactory marks and not to fail their entrance examinations. Preference is also given to those who have experience in practical work as junior nurses or doctors assistance.