Public Health Service in the Rural Areas

rural - сельский

to comprise – включать, охватывать, заключать в себе

Citizens living in the rural areas may receive medical aid at special centres staffed with doctor's assistants and obstetricians. These centres are the first unit of rural medicine. Their work is supervised by specialists of the so-called district

medical institutions comprising an out-patient clinic and a small hospital with a

maternity ward. There patients receive aid from the therapeutist, pediatrician, surgeon, obstetrician-gynecologist and dentist. This is the second unit of rural medicine. The third unit consists of central district hospital with specialists in approximately twenty medical specialties. Such hospitals are as a rule located in district towns, but specially intended to serve villagers. If happens that a patient needs the help of the doctor of a narrow speciality - in such cases he is sent to the regional hospitals that is to medical institutions where patients can undergo the

necessary course of examination and treatment.

Research and advanced medical training

Having got their graduation diplomas young doctors go to the place of their appointment and work there as therapeutist, surgeons, gynecologist, pediatricians and stomatologist. Only three years later (= in the years) doctors can be admitted to clinical intership and post-graduate course where they choose some narrow field of medicine and improve their qualifications. After two years of clinical intership they receive a certificate of a specialized doctor (= a specialist’ diploma).

In three years of post-graduate course young specialists (doctors) have not only to improve their qualifications in some special field, but also do an independent research and prepare a thesis for a degree of Candidate of Sciences.

1. post-graduate course – аспирантура

2. narrow – узкий

3. certificate – свидетельство

4. thesis - диссертация

The northern state medical university

The Northern State Medical University is one of the oldest and most highly regarded higher educational establishments in the northwest of Russia.

Its history goes back to 1932, when on Dec. the 16 a Medical Institute was opened in Arkhangelsk and the first students were admitted to the faculty of General Medicine. For a long period of time it was the only faculty of the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It trained specialists in therapy, surgery, gynecology and some other fields of medicine. It was only in 1958 that a Faculty of Pediatrics was opened, and much later, in 1977 - a Faculty of Stomatology.

Over the years the number of students and teachers grew and the structure of the Institute was becoming more complex. The development of the Institute became particularly dynamic in the 1990s. In 1994 it was transformed into an Academy and 6 years later, in 2000 the Arkhangelsk Medical Academy got the University status.

To meet the needs of the future 8 more faculties were added to the existing ones: the Faculty of Social Work, the Faculty of Preventive Medicine, the Faculty of Clinical Psychology, the Faculty of Ecology, the Faculty of Nursing, the Faculty of Physical Culture, the Faculty of Pharmacology, the Faculty of Family Practitioners. A Management Institute and an Institute of Information Technology were set up on the basis of the University. All this has turned the Arkhangelsk Medical University into a multiprofile educational institution, which offers an extremely wide range of courses and study programmes at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels and prepares specialists for almost any medical (socio-medical) career.

The University employs many lecturers of whom 66 are professors and 190 have a candidate's degree. The number of the students is around 7 000. Teaching is undertaken by means of lectures, seminars, laboratory work and tutorials. Each faculty of the University has its own curriculum, which includes general theoretical and professional subjects. In addition to compulsory subjects the students are offered various elective and optional subjects.

Training courses are divided into periods of theoretical study and practical work at various clinics and hospitals where students work under the supervision of practicing doctors.

The teachers and students of the University carry on scientific and research training in different fields of science. The University has its own consultative polyclinic, publishing center, and a well-stocked library. There are scientific societies nearly at every department.

The University has exchange and cooperation programmes with educational institutions of Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland and others. Every year more and more students from other countries come to Arkhangelsk to study medicine, and the University encourages its own students to undertake studies abroad.