1. Read and memorize the words

development methods – методи розробки

local conditions – місцеві умови

local geology – геологія місцевості

exploratory function – дослідницька функція

predominate – переважати

entry – вхід

avoid – запобігти

faulted zone – зона скидів

water-bearing strata – водоносні напластування

quicksand – пливун

maintain – містити

exploratory –дослідницький

haulage – відкатка

drifts and crosscuts – штреки та квершлаги

handling–доcтавка

2.Make up word combinations from two columns

water-bearing methods

faulted conditions

exploratory geology

drifts and function

development zone

local strata

local crosscuts

3. Read the text and answer the questions

FACTORS INFLUENCING METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT

It should be noted that development methods are a compromise between many conflicting factors in which local conditions often predominate in final choice.

Topography and local geology have a marked influence in determining the position of development openings where their exploratory function predominates. Also, location of openings and mode of entry should be planned to avoid danger

and expense of passing through faulted zones, water-bearing strata, or bodies of quicksand, which would increase maintenance cost. Many large mines and collieries maintain a geological staff. By co-operating with the mining engineers they can reduce total footage of development work required, and place the openings where they will have highest exploratory value and avoid bad ground.

To secure economical handling, haulage drifts and crosscuts should be straight or change direction by easy curves, and should be driven on regular grade. Importance of these points varies with size and output of mine and method of haulage.

Haulage problems, especially in flat seams influence location of openings. If the shaft or other openings enters at its lowest point, all grades in the haulage ways are also favourable for drainage and vice versa. Methods of handling in stopes, dip of strata and plans of development are also interrelated.

In some cases, development work can be planned to reduce pumping costs. Drainage also makes it desirable to locate shaft or other openings to tap the lowest point of flat-dipping seams as lateral workings then drain toward shaft and auxiliary sumps and pumps are unnecessary.

Ventilation is a very important factor for coal mines. Ventilation may require that all development openings be run in duplicate. This is done in collieries as a rule and allows complete control of ventilating currents.

4. Answer the questions

1. What are development methods?

2. What determines the position of openings?

3. What should be planned to avoid the danger?

4. What direction must have haulage drifts and crosscuts to secure economical handling?

5. What do you know about the ventilation?